Zero Growth

Natural Decrease (ND)

Exponential growth

Birth rate (BR)

Death rate (DR)

Natural change

Natural increase (NI):

Life expectancy

Newly industrialising countries (NICs)

Asian ‘tiger’

Demographic transition model (DTM)

DTM Stage 1 – High fluctuating

DTM Stage 2 – Early Expanding

DTM Stage 3 – Late Expanding

DTM Stage 4 – Low Fluctuating

DTM Stage 5 – Natural Decrease

AMEW

Agricultural change

Urbanisation

Rural-to-urban migration

Push factor

Pull factor

Educational Change

Women’s status change (emancipation)

Population Pyramids

Wide base

Narrowing base

Narrow base

Convex (bulge)

Steep sides with a narrow top

Wide top

High apex (tall)

Short pyramid

Sudden narrowing around age 5

Age structure:

Gender structure

Infant mortality

Child mortality

Transmigration

Transmigration

Industrialisation

European Union (EU)

Dependency ratio

Migration

Host country

Country of origin

Immigrant:

Emigrant

Asylum seekers