the psychological process of perceiving sound; the process through which sound waves are picked up by the ears and transmitted to the brain
hearing
listening
the process of recognizing, understanding, accurately interpreting, and responding effectively to the messages communicated by others
the step in the listening process of choosing one sound over another when faced with competinrg stimuli
attending
selecting
understanding
remembering
the step in the listening process of focusing attention on both the presence and communication of someone else
responding
the step in the listening process of interpreting and making sense of messages
the step in the listening process of recalling information
the step in the listening process of generating some kind of feedback or reaction that confirms to others that one has received and understood their messages
being an active participant in making choices about selecting, attending, and the other steps in the listening process
active listening
passive listening
failing to make active choices to the listening process
the degree to which the thought of the listener and the thoughts and intentions of the message producer match following their communication
paraphrase
psuedolistening
listening fidelity
processing and accurately understanding a message; also known as comprehensive listening
multi-tasking
informational listening
evaluating or analyzing information, evidence, ideas, or opinions; also known as evaluative listening
critical listening
listening barriers
insensitive listening
empathic listening
listening to people with openness, sensitivity, and caring; attempting to know how another person feels
a part of listening empathically that involves guessing at feelings and rephrasing what one thinks the speaker has said
selective listening
monopolistic listening
listening with the simple goal of taking pleasure in the sounds one receives
appreciative listening
a factor that interferes with the ability to accurately comprehend information and respond appropraitely
a state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread associated with a listening opportunity; also known as receiver appprehension
defensive listening
listening apprehension
responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message
listening that involves zeroing in only on bits of information that interest the listener, disregarding other messages or parts of messages
langauge
dyad
demonstration speech
listening in order to control the communication interaction
listening that occurs when we fail to pay attention to the emotional content of someone's message, instead taking it at a face value
primary group
process
pretending to listen when one is actually not paying attention at all
low language
leadership
a cognitive process through which one interprets one's experiences and comes to one's own unique understanding
stereotyping
mindlessness
perception
cultural mytopia
the means by which we gather, organize, and evalute the information we receive
undue influence
selective perception
prejudice
communication processing
mental structures that put together related bits of information
mindfulness
schemas
attributions
the process of being focused on the task at hand; necessary for competent communication.
a passive state in which the communicator is a less critical processor of information, characterized by reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation
active, critical thought resulting in a communicator succumbing to the biased nature of perception
fundamental attribution error
selective processing
giving greater credibility or importance to something shown or said than should be the case
self-concept
interaction appearance theory
personal characteristics that are used to explain
social comparison theory
transitions
the tendency to over emphasize the internal and underestimate the external cause of behaviors we observe in others
fundamental attritbution error
the idea that we usually attribute our own successes to internal factors while explaining our failures by attributing them to situational or external effects
self-serving bias
the argument that people change their opinion about the attributions of someone, particularly their physical attractiveness, the more they interact with that person
self-disclosure
self-adequacy
self-concept theory
a form of cultural nearsightedness grounded in the belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people
self-denigration
the act of organizing information about groups of people into categories so that we can generalize about their attitudes, behaviors, skills, morals, and habits
self-monitoring
self-esteem
a deep-seated feeling of unkindness toward particular groups, usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-actualization
one's awareness and understanding of who one is, as interpreted by one's thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideas
self-efficacy
a theory that explains our tendency to compare ourselves to others, such as friends ad acquaintances or popular figures in the media, as we develop our ideas about ourselves
how one feels about oneself, usually in a particular situation
the ability to predict, based on self-concept and self-esteem, one's effectiveness in a communication situation
a prediction that causes an individual to alter his or her behavior in a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur
interaction appearance
the feelings and thoughts one experiences when one knowns that one has negotiated a communication situation as well as possible
the feelings one experiences when one assesses own's own communication competence as sufficient or acceptable; less positive than self-actualization
a negative assessment about a communication experience that involves criticizing or attacking oneself.
intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purposes; how one lets others know about oneself
self-presentation
the ability to watch over one's environment and others in it for cues as to how to present oneself in particular situations
revealing oneself to others by sharing information about oneself
a learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people; the composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices
collective culture
culture
convergence
ingroups
the framework through which one interprets the world and the people in it
worldview
hyperbole
accommodation
power distance
the communication between people from different cultures who have different worldviews
salient
understatment
generation
intercultural communication
a culture that relies on contextual cues - such as time, place, relationship, and situation - to both interpret meaning and send subtle messages
high-context cultures
low-context cultures
a cultures that uses very direct language and relies less on situational factors to communicate
a culture in which individual perceive themselves first and foremost as members of a group and communicate from that perspective
collectivist cultures
discrimination
social identity theory
a culture whose members place value on autonomy and privacy, with relatively little attention to status and hierarchy based on age or family connections
intergroup communication
feminine culture
gender
individualist culture
the process of adapting behaviors to reduce uncertainty and risk
uncertainty avoidance
a culture that places value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness; sometimes referred to as an achievement culture
masculine culture
cultures that tend to value nurturance, relationships, and quality of life
the way cultures communication about and with time
time orientation
the way in which a culture accepts and expects the division of power among individuals
a culture that treats time as a limited resource; as a commodity that can be saved or wasted
polychronic cultures
monochronic cultures
a culture whose members are comfortable dealing with multiple people and tasks at the same time
language that downplays the emotional intensity or impoortance of events, often with euphemisms
understatement
vivid, colorful language with great emotional intensity and often exaggeration
a smaller group of people within a culture who are distinguished by features such as race, religion, age, political affiliation, generation, gender, sexual orientation, economic status, educational level, occupation, etc.
co-cultures
a group of people who were born in a specific time frame, along with its events and social changes that shape attitudes and behavior.
the behavior and cultural traits assigned to one's sex; determined by the way members of one particular culture define notions of masculinity and femininity
the theory that we each have a personal identity, which is our sense of our unique individual personality, and a social identity, that part of our self-concept that comes from group memberships
outgroups
intergroup contact theory
the group in which one identifies and to which one feels one belongs
the group one defines as "other"
a branch of the communication discipline that focuses on how communication between different groups affects relationships
brought to mind in the moment; one's social identity and communication shift depending on which of one's multiple group membership is __________ in a given moment
a belief in the superiority of one's own culture or group and a tendency to view other cultures through a lens of one's own
enthocentrism
behavior toward a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group, class, or category
seeing or hearing what one wants to see or hear in the communication of assorted group members
behavioral affirmation
behavioral conformation
acting in a way that makes one's expectations about a group come true
mindfulness of behaviors that might offend others
intercultural sensitivity
intergroup context theory
the argument that interaction between member of different social groups generates a possibility for more positive attitudes to emerge
adapting and adjusting one's language and nonverbal behaviors for other people or cultures
overaccomodate
when speakers shift their language or nonverbal behaviors toward each other's way of communicating
overaccommodate
going too far in changing one's language or nonverbal behavior, based on an incorrect or stereotyping notion of another group