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Earth's tilt is nearly
15.5º
20º
23.5º
30º
Water's high _________________ allows it to store a lot of energy.
storage potential
heat capacity
potential gradient
solar capacity
Global physical gradients on Earth arise from all of the following except
Earth's spin
Latitude
Precipitation
Earth's orbit around the Sun
Earth's tilt
You would probably find the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) where near the summer solstice?
The Tropic of Capricorn (23.5º S)
The South Pole (90ºS)
The Equator (0º)
The Tropic of Cancer (23.5º N)
Warm currents are most often found on __________ ocean boundaries.
Northern
Southern
Western
Eastern
Short-term global cycles like El Nino involve periodic variations in what?
Sea-surface temperatures
Wind patterns
Atmospheric circulation cells
Sea-surface temperatures and wind patterns
Wind patterns and atmospheric circulation cells
Glacial climates in the Pleistocene tended to be...
Cool and dry
Cool and wet
Warm and dry
Warm and wet
During the *initial* cycles of glaciation and melting in the Pleistocene, extinctions were more common in...
Animals
Plants
Both
Neither
A planet with a greater tilt than Earth's would most likely have what kind of seasons?
Milder
Stronger
About the same as Earth's
No seasons at all
Humid air _________ dry air.
is heavier than
is lighter than
weighs the same as
Global precipitation patterns are driven by all of the following except
temperature
ocean currents
local topography
wind patterns
Topography and global precipitation patterns together determine
regional climate
surface energy input
rate of continental drift
the degree of Earth's tilt
Alexander von Humboldt was one of the first to note the abiding biogeographic principle that elevational gradients are analogous to
altitudinal gradients
latitudinal gradients
longitudinal gradients
The theory of island biogeography would consider all of the following except
An island in the ocean
A mountain range surrounded by lowlands
A series of low, grassy hills
A city surrounded by forest
Plants can move sap (and the nutrients within it) against the pull of gravity in part because of water's
high surface tension
high heat capacity
high heat conduction
How much of Earth's global water is freshwater?
About 10%
About 5.5%
About 2.5%
About 1%
Infiltration is
the movement of aboveground water belowground
the movement of belowground water aboveground
the movement of water on the Earth's surface
the emptying of rivers and streams into the ocean
All of these affect water's ability to infiltrate except
soil saturation
land cover
soil characteristics
land shape
What is the primary driver of Earth's water cycle?
Hadley cells
the intertropical convergence zone
evaporation
global climate
Transpiration occurs when plants lose water in the form of
water vapor
liquid water
frozen water
_____________ is responsible for cloud formation
Infiltration
Condensation
Transpiration
Why are arid environments likely to occur on the leeward slopes of near-ocean mountain ranges?
The rain shadow effect
Those mountains are most often at 30º N and S
The spin of the Earth
Ecoregion gradients
Seeds that exhibit serotiny only germinate when
they "know" the Earth's tilt has changed
they're triggered by some external factor
they are affected by the Coriolis effect
The only mass extinction for which science is pretty sure it knows the cause is
the end-Ordovician
the end-Triassic
the end-Cretaceous
the end-Permian
Our class definition of biogeography includes all of the following except
...the study of distributions...
...of biodiversity...
...globally...
...over space and time...
When it comes to biogeographic patterns, this scale is most important
global
local
regional
all scales are important to biogeographic patterns
The lithosphere includes
all of Earth's water, including oceans, freshwater, and the water cycle
the layers of gases that surround the Earth's surface
the Earth's rocky crust, including the geographic template
the zone of life on Earth
In the Greek tradition, which of these might we call the central question of biogeography?
How are organisms distributed around the world?
Do organisms change over time?
Are organisms at certain latitudes the same as organisms at certain altitudes?
Charles Darwin based his theory of evolution by means of natural selection on several key pieces of evidence. Which of these were not included?
Comparison of fossils with existing, similarly-shaped organisms
Studying finches and tortoises in the Galapagos
Observing giraffes in African savannas
Wegener's theory of continental drift relies on all of the following pieces of evidence except
Landmasses fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
Geological similarity between matching sides of continents.
Elevational similarities in mountain ranges between continents that appear to fit together.
Fossil similarities between matching sides of continents.
Plants that colonize new land that may one day be a new ecosystem require all of the following except
Carbon
Herbivores
Nutrients
Water
Sky islands and tepuis are both types of
mainland islands
exterior islands
isolation islands
endemic islands