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General Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology PMU 2nd Year

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General Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology PMU 2nd Year

Frage 1 von 62

1

The action potential of a nerve cell

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Results from a large increase in membrane permeability to Na+ ions

  • Can summate with one another

  • May vary considerably in amplitude

  • Become larger as stimulus strength increase

  • Follow from a decrease in membrane permeability for K+ ions

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Frage 2 von 62

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At neuromuscular junction:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • the muscle membrane possesses muscarinic receptors

  • the motor nerve endings secrete norepinerphrine

  • curare leads to prolongation of neuromuscular transmission

  • the motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine

  • none of the above

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Frage 3 von 62

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The nervous system is compromised of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Neurons

  • Neurotubules

  • Neurofibrils

  • Axons

  • Dendrites

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Frage 4 von 62

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The unique property of the neuron is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Communication

  • Contraction

  • Secretion

  • Energy production

  • Excitation

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Frage 5 von 62

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Most axons are covered by a fatty sheath called:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Neurilema

  • The nodes of Ranvier

  • Myelin

  • Neural adipose

  • Sacrolema

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Frage 6 von 62

1

Receptors which respond in a stretch reflex are:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Carotid baroreceptors

  • Free nerve endings

  • Ruffini's endings

  • Oligodendrocytes

  • Pacinan corpuscles

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Frage 7 von 62

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Select the excitatory neurotransmitter:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • GABA

  • Dopamine

  • Norepinerphrine

  • Glycine

  • None of them

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Frage 8 von 62

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Laws of transmission in chemical synapses

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • One way conduction

  • Amplitude coding of postsynaptic membrane

  • Delayed transmission

  • Summation

  • All of the above

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Frage 9 von 62

1

Which are the most important EEG waves during wakefulness with opened eyes

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Gamma (γ)

  • Alpha (α)

  • Beta (β)

  • Delta (δ)

  • Alpha (α) and Delta (δ)

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Frage 10 von 62

1

The adrenergic receptors:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Alpha

  • Muscarinic

  • Beta

  • Nicotinic

  • Alpha and Beta

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Frage 11 von 62

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Which one of the following is characteristic of type A nerve fibers:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Nociception

  • Slower conduction than C fibers

  • Myelinated

  • Substance P

  • Sensory only

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Frage 12 von 62

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Electroencephalogram (EEG) registers the activity of the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • reticular activating system

  • limbic system

  • thalamus

  • cortex

  • brain stem

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Frage 13 von 62

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Sensory neurons have:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • a short dendrite and a long axon

  • a short dendrite and a short axon

  • a long dendrite and a short axon

  • along dendrite and a long axon

  • their axons and dendrites may be either long or short

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Frage 14 von 62

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The medulla oblongata helps regulate which of the following

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • breathing

  • heartbeat

  • sneezing

  • vomiting

  • all of the above

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Frage 15 von 62

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What anatomical region of a multipolar neuron has the lowest threshold for generating an action potential?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • soma

  • dendrites

  • axon hillock

  • distal axon

  • proximal axon

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Frage 16 von 62

1

What do the dorsal root ganglia contain?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

  • axon terminal of somatic motor neurons

  • cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

  • axon terminal of sensory neurons

  • cell bodies of sensory neurons

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Frage 17 von 62

1

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are involved with the innervation of the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • abdominal organs

  • thoracic organs

  • head

  • m. errector pili

  • all of the above

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Frage 18 von 62

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A reflex action:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is initiated at sensory receptors

  • always results in endocrine secretion

  • involves transmission across at least two central nervous synapses in series

  • is always inhibitory

  • is independent of higher centres in the brain

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Frage 19 von 62

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In skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • the motor end plate is the motor nerve terminal

  • spontaneous (miniature) potentials may be recorded in the motor nerve terminal

  • motor nerve terminals have vesicles containing acetylcholine

  • there is a high concentration of curare

  • transmission is facilitated by botulinum toxin

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Frage 20 von 62

1

Cerebrospinal fluid:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is formed in the arachnoid granulations

  • provides the brain with most of its nutrition

  • protects the brain from injury when the head is moved

  • has a lower pressure than that in the cerebral venous sinuses

  • flows around the adult brain and is around 5 litres per day

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Frage 21 von 62

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An excitatory post-synaptic potential:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is the depolarization of a post-synaptic nerve cell membrane that occurs when a presynaptic neurone is stimulated

  • involves reversal of polarity across the post-synaptic nerve cell membrane

  • may be recorded from a posterior root ganglion cell

  • is propagated at the same rate as an action potential

  • is caused by the electrical field induced by activity in the pre-synaptic nerve terminals

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Frage 22 von 62

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The ascending reticular formation:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • when stimulated tends to increase alertness

  • transmits impulses to higher centres via a multisynaptic pathway

  • is activated by collateral branches of sensory neurones

  • neurones project to most parts of the cerebral cortex

  • all of the above

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Frage 23 von 62

1

The cerebellum:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • modifies the discharge of spinal motor neurones

  • is essential for finely coordinated movements

  • has an afferent input from the motor cortex

  • has an afferent input from muscle proprioceptors

  • all of the above

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Frage 24 von 62

1

During deep sleep there is a fall in:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • hand skin temperature

  • arterial pCO2

  • blood growth hormone/cortisol ratio

  • metabolic rate

  • pH

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Frage 25 von 62

1

Sympathetic:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • ganglionic transmission is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuromuscular transmission in the heart is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuromuscular transmission in hand skin arterioles is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuroglandular transmission in sweat! glands is mediated by noradrenaline

  • neuromuscular transmission in the iris is mediated by acetylcholine

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Frage 26 von 62

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The blood-brain barrier:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • slows equilibration of solutes between blood and brain tissue

  • is more effective barrier for fat-soluble substances than water-soluble substances

  • is more effective barrier in infants than in adult

  • is more effective barrier far CO2 than for 02

  • permits hydrogen ions to pass freely

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Frage 27 von 62

1

The electroencephalogram normally shows voltage waves:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • whose amplitude is related to intelligence

  • of lower frequency during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness

  • of smaller amplitude during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness

  • of greater amplitude than those of the electrocardiogram

  • which are bilaterally unsymmetrical

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Frage 28 von 62

1

Parasympathetic nerves:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • have effects on intestinal smooth muscle opposite to sympathetic nerve

  • have no effect on lacrimation

  • cause vasodilatation in skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise

  • cause sweat secretion in skin when body temperature rises

  • have longer postganglionic than preganglionic fibres

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Frage 29 von 62

1

α (alpha) adrenoceptors:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • are located on myofilaments in smooth muscle cells

  • are distinguishable from β (beta) receptors using electron microscopy

  • can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline

  • are involved in the vasodilation responses to adrenaline in skin

  • are involved in heart rate responses to noradrenaline

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Frage 30 von 62

1

The α (alpha) rhythm of the electroencephalogram:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • disappears when the eyes are closed

  • is an electrical potential with an amplitude around one millivolt

  • has a frequency of 8-12 Hz

  • has a lower frequency than the δ (delta) rhythm

  • indicates that the subject is sleeping

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Frage 31 von 62

1

The primary sensory ending of a muscle spindle is stimulated by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • shortening of an antagonist muscle

  • relaxation of the muscle concerned when under load

  • stimulation of the gamma efferent fibres

  • striking the appropriate tendon with a tendon hammer

  • all of the above

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Frage 32 von 62

1

In the spinal cord:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • pain impulse traffic may be modulated in the posterior horn

  • autonomic motor neurones arise in the lateral horn

  • glycin acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter

  • post-synaptic excitation may be mediated by amino acid derivatives acting as neurotransmitters

  • all of the above

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Frage 33 von 62

1

In the cerebral cortex

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • neuronal connections are innate and immutable

  • language and now-language skills are represented in the same hemisphere

  • the areas concerned with emotional behavior are concentrated in the lobes

  • the cortical area devoted to sensation in the hand is larger that for the trunk

  • stimulation of the motor cortex causes contractions of individual muscles on the opposite side of the body

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Frage 34 von 62

1

Generalized sympathetic activity is characterized by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • contraction of the radial muscle in the iris

  • increased urinary excretion of catecholamines

  • lipolysis in adipose tissue

  • increased conduction rate in the atrio-ventricular bundle

  • all of the above

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Frage 35 von 62

1

Acetylcholine:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • acts on the same type of receptor on postganglionic fibres in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

  • acts on the different type of receptor on target organs at cholinergic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals

  • acts on the same type of receptor at autonomic ganglia and at somatic neuromuscular junctions

  • acts on alpha and beta receptors

  • in blood is hydrolyzed by the same cholinesterase as is found at neuromuscular junctions

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Frage 36 von 62

1

An inhibitory post-synaptic potential:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • may be recorded in a post-ganglionic sympathetic neurone

  • may be recorded in an axon

  • does not exceed one millivolt in amplitude

  • moves membrane potential towards the equilibrium potential for sodium

  • may summate in space and time with other excitatory and inhibitory potentials in the same neurone

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Frage 37 von 62

1

A valley of impulses travelling in a pro-synaptic neurone causes:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an identical volley in the post-synaptic neurone

  • summation of action potentials

  • an increase in the permeability of the pare-synaptic nerve terminals to calcium

  • the generation of at least one action potential in the post-synaptic neurone

  • endocytosis of neurotransmitter

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Frage 38 von 62

1

Pain receptors are:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • similar in structure to Pacinian corpuscles

  • stimulated by a rise in the local K+ concentration

  • quick to adapt to a constant stimulus

  • more easily stimulated in intact than in injured tissue

  • stimulated in the wall of the gut by agents which damage the tissues

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Frage 39 von 62

1

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differs from non-REM sleep in that:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • the EEG shows waves of higher frequency

  • muscle tone is higher

  • heart rate and respiration are more regular

  • secretion of growth hormone is increased

  • not possible

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Frage 40 von 62

1

Delta (δ) wave activity in the electroencephalogram:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is low in frequency and amplitude

  • suggests that the patient is alert and concentrating

  • suggests that the patient is with opened eyes

  • is a feature of petit mal epilepsy

  • is more common in children than in adults while they are awake

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Frage 41 von 62

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Signs of brainstem death include:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • unconsciousness

  • normal pupillary reaction to light

  • loss of tendon jerks in the arms and legs

  • loss of respiratory response to CO2 in the absence of hypoxia

  • nystagmus in response to cold water in the external auditory canal

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Frage 42 von 62

1

Atropine causes:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • paralysis of accommodation for near vision in the eye

  • constriction of the pupil

  • constriction of the bronchi

  • diarrhea

  • bradycardia

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Frage 43 von 62

1

Aphasia:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is an impairment of language skills without motor paralysis loss of hearing or vision

  • does not mean unconsciousness

  • is called motor aphasia if the patient understands what the speech sounds and symbols mean but lacks the higher motor skills needed to express them

  • is called sensory aphasia if the patient does not understand the meaning of the words he hears, sees and uses

  • all of the above

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Frage 44 von 62

1

Blockade of parasympathetic activity causes a reduction in:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • sweat production

  • resting heart rate

  • the strength of skeletal muscle contraction

  • salivation

  • blood pressure

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Frage 45 von 62

1

Blockade of beta (β) adrenoceptors is likely to cause:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • disturbance in renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system

  • worsening of the condition in patients with bronchial asthma

  • worsening of the condition in patients in cardiac failure

  • inability to increase heart rate during exercise in patients with transplanted hearts

  • all of the above

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Frage 46 von 62

1

All of these characteristics belong to postsynaptic potentials, except for:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • they have constant magnitude

  • there are no refractory periods

  • summation is possible

  • typically occur at the cell body of a neuron

  • they are decremental

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Frage 47 von 62

1

Compared with the Endocrine System, regulation of the body by the Nervous System provides:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • relatively slow but long-lasting responses to stimuli

  • swift but brief responses to stimuli

  • swift, long-lasting responses to stimuli

  • antagonist hormone interactions

  • relatively slow, short-lived responses to stimuli

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Frage 48 von 62

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Which of these characteristics is not related to the Parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • urination

  • defecation

  • salivation

  • lacrimation

  • posturation

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Frage 49 von 62

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Which of the following has slowest conduction:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A alpha

  • A beta

  • A gamma

  • B fibres

  • C fibres

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Frage 50 von 62

1

A man falls into deep sleep with one arm under his head. After awakening the arm is paralyzed but tingling sensation and pain sensation persist. This loss of motor function without the loss of sensory function is due to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A fibres are more susceptible to hypoxia that B fibers

  • A fibres are more sensitive to pressure than C fibers

  • C fibres are more sensitive to pressure than A fibers

  • sensory nerves are nearer the bone and hence affected by pressure

  • all of the above

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Frage 51 von 62

1

Saltatory conduction:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • is seen only in myelinated nerve fibres

  • is slower that non saltatory conduction

  • is not affected if a local anesthetic is applied to the nodes of Ranvie

  • is seen only in sensory fibers

  • is seen only in the cortex

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Frage 52 von 62

1

Myelin sheath is produced by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Axoplasm

  • Mitochondria

  • Schwann cell

  • Muscle cell

  • Endocrine cell

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Frage 53 von 62

1

Sleep is associated with:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an alpha rhythm in the electroencephalogram

  • increased activity in the reticular activating system

  • a beta rhythm in the EEG

  • a high level of vagal tone to the heart and grinding movements of the teeth

  • a rise in central body temperature

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Frage 54 von 62

1

From childhood to old age:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • there is a steady decrease in total sleeping time per day

  • deep (stage 4) Sleep decreases as a percentage of total daily sleep

  • body water as a percentage of body mass decreases

  • sleep becomes less aggregated into a single sleeping period

  • all of the above

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Frage 55 von 62

1

The method by which the brain's electrical activity is registered from the scalp is called:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • electroneurography (ENG)

  • electroencephalography (EEG)

  • electrocardiography (ECG)

  • electromyography (EMG)

  • nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR)

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Frage 56 von 62

1

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS secrete:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • dopamine

  • L-DOPA

  • serotonin

  • histamine

  • acetylcholine

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Frage 57 von 62

1

The adrenergic effect on the bronchial smooth muscle is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • constriction

  • relaxation

  • sometimes constriction, sometimes relaxation

  • of no effect

  • dose dependent - at low concentrations - constriction, at higher doses - relaxation

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Frage 58 von 62

1

reflexes are defined as somatic, visceral and mixed

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • according to the location of the receptors

  • according to the type of the reflex arc

  • according to the effectors

  • according to the location of the interneurons

  • according to formation

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Frage 59 von 62

1

The adrenal medulla is innervated by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • preganglionic cholinergic neurons

  • postganglionic cholinergic neurons

  • preganglionic adrenergic neurons

  • postganglionic adrenergic neurons

  • preganglionic dopaminergic neurons

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Frage 60 von 62

1

The increased tone of the parasympathetic division leads to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • contraction of the pupils and bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • dilation of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • contraction of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • dilation of the pupils and contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • none of the above

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Frage 61 von 62

1

Excessive formation of a substance/ secretion in the body is controlled in order to maintain homeostasis by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • +ve feedback mechanism

  • -ve feedback mechanism

  • osmosis

  • haemodynamics

  • Up-regulation

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Frage 62 von 62

1

The sympathetic response to stress includes:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • increased blood pressure

  • increased glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles

  • increased glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles

  • increased blood clotting

  • a, b, and d

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