Claudia Simpson
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Education Quiz am Human Development and Learning, erstellt von Claudia Simpson am 04/10/2016.

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Claudia Simpson
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Human Development and Learning

Frage 1 von 76

1

What theorist designed the Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • B. F. Skinner

  • Albert Bandura

  • Jean Piaget

  • Lev Vygotsky

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 76

1

What are the factors that make up Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Self, Behaviour, and Environment

  • Friends, Family, and Self

  • Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation

  • Environment, Age, and Relationships

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Frage 3 von 76

1

Check the four key developmental issues in theories of human development.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Activity vs Passivity

  • Environment vs Self

  • Universality vs Context-Specificity

  • Nature vs Nurture

  • Cognition vs Environment

  • Identity vs Societal Constructs

  • Continuity vs Discontinuity

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Frage 4 von 76

1

The Schema Theory was developed by Lev Vygotsky.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 5 von 76

1

What metaphorical object can be used to help remember and explain how Piaget's Schema Theory works?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • An empty box

  • A car engine

  • A hot air balloon

  • A filing cabinet

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Frage 6 von 76

1

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

In order from infancy to maturity, what are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Stage 1: (birth - 2 years old)

Stage 2: (2 - 7 years old)

Stage 3: (7 - 11 years old)

Stage 4: (adolescence to adulthood)

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Frage 7 von 76

1

Sir Frederic Bartlett continued Piaget's studies into the Schema Theory through an experiment that introduced people of Western culture to a Native American folk tale. The tale was different to many stories that the audience had heard before. In this story a man's face contorts at the result of an encounter with supernatural beings. The people undertaking the experiment were then asked at different intervals in time, ranging from immediately after reading it to a year later, to draw a diagram of what the face looked like (being mindful of the context and language used in the story). Bartlett had found that:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • The people's diagrams gradually changed over time to reflect the aspects of the story that made the most sense to them.

  • All of the above.

  • Only using the main points of the story made it more memorable to the reader, as finer details of the story were forgotten over time.

  • People have Schemas that represent their knowledge about the world.

  • Through Schema, a persons prior knowledge will influence their new knowledge.

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Frage 8 von 76

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory there are three elements that make up a person's cognition. Match each of these with the descriptions provided.

( The Id, The Superego, The Ego ): The instinctive, selfish and impulsive thought which is the first stage of thought in an infant. It is linked to an individual's basic needs.

( The Ego, The Superego, The Id ): The rational part of expressing instincts. This stage builds upon the Id and gives an individual some agency in their actions and fulfilment of needs.

( The Superego, The Id, The Ego ): Internalised moral standards.

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Frage 9 von 76

1

Who's work did Erik Erikson build upon in his own research and theories?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Bandura

  • Skinner

  • Freud

  • Vygotsky

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Frage 10 von 76

1

Organise each of Erikson's Psychosocial stages to match each age range.

Birth - 1 year old:

1 - 3 years old:

3 - 6 years old:

6 - 12 years old:

12 - 20 years old:

20 - 40 years old:

40 - 65 years old:

65 years and older:

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Trust vs Mistrust
    Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
    Initiative vs Guilt
    Industry vs Inferiority
    Identity vs Role Confusion
    Intimacy vs Isolation
    Generativity vs Stagnation
    Integrity vs Despair

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Frage 11 von 76

1

Freud and Erikson describe human development through their Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial theories, exploring especially the details of how this development originates.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 12 von 76

1

Which of these theorists studied Conditioning?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Skinner, Watson and Pavlov

  • Skinner, Vygotsky and Bruner

  • Piaget and Vygotsky

  • Pavlov, Freud and Bandura

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Frage 13 von 76

1

Which of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Five-year-old Harvey draws on the chalkboard with a large white crayon instead of with chalk.

  • Eight-year-old Rowena develops the necessary eye-hand coordination for writing letters in cursive.

  • Eleven-year-old Mary Lou moves to a different school and purchases new clothes to fit the local fashions.

  • A language arts teacher asks 13-year-old Reynold to think about the possible adjectives other than 'awesome' that he might use in his writing to describe interesting and enjoyable activities.

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Frage 14 von 76

1

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • After Amanda solves a set of 10 addition problems carelessly and incorrectly, she is given 10 more problems to solve.

  • Betsy writes down her definition of a mollusk - something she learned word for word from her textbook.

  • Carol copies what her teacher writes on the blackboard.

  • Donna revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science.

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Frage 15 von 76

1

Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Mr. Baretta shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways.

  • Mr. Ames presents brand new topics every day, expecting the continual novelty to keep students interested and motivated.

  • Ms. Chang makes sure that students have learned one topic very, very well before moving on to another

  • Ms. Doherty uses a lot of drill and practice exercises, encouraging students to work faster every time.

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Frage 16 von 76

1

From Piaget's perspective, children are:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Eager to interact with and make sense of their world

  • Most likely to learn things that bring about desirable consequences

  • Most likely to learn when parents and teachers entice them to do so

  • More likely to develop cognitively in a formal school setting than at home

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Frage 17 von 76

1

Which statement best describes the idea that cognitive development involves a process of construction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Children must know simple things very well before they can begin to understand other, more complex things

  • Children must learn ideas in a concrete form before learning them as abstractions

  • Children pull together pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings

  • Children's thought processes become increasingly complex and sophisticated as they grow older

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Frage 18 von 76

1

In Piaget's theory, a schema can best be described as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • An organised group of similar thoughts or actions

  • A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop

  • A lifestyle or family pattern

  • A mental picture of oneself

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Frage 19 von 76

1

Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Concrete operations

  • Accommodation

  • Equilibrium

  • Assimilation

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Frage 20 von 76

1

Imagine that you are a third grade teacher. If you were to make predictions based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you would expect most or all of your students to exhibit _________ thinking.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Sensorimotor

  • Preoperational

  • formal operational

  • concrete operational

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Frage 21 von 76

1

Carl can correctly answer a question such as, 'If all flegs are blats, and if all blats are dulms, are all flegs also dulms?'. From Piaget's perspective, Carl is most likely in the ___________ stage of cognitive development.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • sensorimotor

  • preoperational

  • formal operational

  • concrete operational

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Frage 22 von 76

1

Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children make sense of their world:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Through the mental processes of assimilation and accommodation

  • By repeatedly encountering both pleasant and unpleasant events in their daily lives

  • Through their independent explorations of their physical and social environments

  • By interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings

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Frage 23 von 76

1

Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Closely connected at all stages of life

  • Largely independent at all stages of life

  • Closely connected early in life and become increasingly independent with age

  • Largely independent until the primary school years and closely connected thereafter

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Frage 24 von 76

1

Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development refers to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Children's ability to estimate how much they know

  • The range of tasks children can perform by themselves

  • The range of tasks children can accomplish only with support

  • The degree of maturation necessary to accomplish complex physical tasks

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Frage 25 von 76

1

Which statement most accurately describes Lev Vygotsky's view of how cognitive development occurs?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Children's cognitive growth is best judged on the basis of their actual development level, not on the basis of their level of potential development.

  • Cognitive development progresses through four distinct stages; each stage is characterised by increasingly more complex thought and language.

  • Children develop by working on challenging tasks with the assistance of more competent individuals.

  • Language and thought, although closely intertwined in the first few years of life, become increasingly distinct entities over time.

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Frage 26 von 76

1

If you were to criticise Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, what would you be most likely to say?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • 'It's a bit vague in its explanations of how development occurs.'

  • 'It ignores the effects that formal education has on cognitive development.'

  • 'It disregards the important roles that peers play in children's development.'

  • 'It places heavy emphasis on drill and practice as factors promoting development.'

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Frage 27 von 76

1

Which of the following pairs of concepts reflects the general idea that challenge is important for cognitive development?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Disequilibrium and ZPD

  • Self-talk and inner speach

  • Conservation and internalisation

  • Working memory and central conceptual structure

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Frage 28 von 76

1

If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which issue would we expect high school students to be most concerned about?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Wanting to form a close and intimate relationship with another human being

  • Trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society

  • Needing to gain the recognition of parents and teachers through their academic activities and achievements

  • Finding a way to wiggle out of doing difficult tasks

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Frage 29 von 76

1

Which one best illustrates Erikson's stage of 'identity versus role confusion'?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Arnold is always wishing things were different than they are

  • Beth can't keep a steady boyfriend

  • Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to persue

  • Dawn underestimates her ability to learn mathematics

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Frage 30 von 76

1

Which one best describes attachment in the early years?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

  • A mother's innate tendency to protect her young offspring

  • A predisposition by infants to behave in certain ways and not in others

  • An affectionate relationship between marital partners, thought by ethological theorists to be important for young children's emotional well-being

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Frage 31 von 76

1

Which scenario is most consistent with the 'Strange Situation'?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A mother and her young child enter a playroom, where the child encounters a variety of new toys and other objects. Some of the objects (e.g. a jack-in-the-box, a picture of a ferocious dinosaur) are intentionally scary and anxiety-arousing.

  • A mother and her young child come to a preschool class for the first time. The child's social behaviours are observed and recorded, with a particular focus on how often the child initiates interactions with unfamiliar peers.

  • A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then the Mum leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviours are observed through a one-way mirror.

  • A baby lies in a specially designed infant seat where they see a variety of visual displays on a screen. By sucking on a plastic nipple, the infant can control which displays appear most frequently.

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Frage 32 von 76

1

While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mum momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behaviour is most consistent with a(n):

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Secure attachement

  • Insecure-resistant attachment

  • Insecure-avoidant attachment

  • Disorganised and disorientated attachment

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Frage 33 von 76

1

Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • They don't have secure attachments with their parents.

  • Student and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship.

  • They are approaching adolescence and need additional adult guidance.

  • The teacher is female.

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Frage 34 von 76

1

Which one best illustrates self-efficacy rather than self-concept or self-esteem?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the try-outs

  • Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates

  • Connor has little faith in his academic abilities, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks

  • Darvin is convinced that no one likes him, even though most people do

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Frage 35 von 76

1

As children grow older, many of their neurons begin to transmit messages more rapidly than they did previously, thanks to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Synaptic pruning

  • Synaptogenesis

  • Myelination

  • A rapid reduction in glial cells

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Frage 36 von 76

1

Three-month-old Amy can hold her head up in the arms of an adult, but she doesn't have much control of what her legs do. Which one best describes Amy's progression in muscular control?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • It shows a definite delay in fine motor skills

  • It shows a cephalocaudal trend, which is typical

  • It shows a proximodistal trend, which is not typical

  • It suggests that Amy will probably be a good student but a poor athlete

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Frage 37 von 76

1

The 'false belief task' is used to assess:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The difference between a sensorimotor and a pre-operational thinker

  • The understanding that people may hold incorrect personal beliefs that influence their behaviours

  • A person's level of religiousity

  • How a person would reason about a moral

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Frage 38 von 76

1

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Behaviours and their consequences

  • The formation of a personal identity

  • The development of moral values

  • The process of acculturation in school settings

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Frage 39 von 76

1

The development of young people's self-concept evolves by means of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Gauging the verbal reactions of significant others

  • Contrasting themselves with their peers

  • Constant self-evaluation in many different situations

  • Differentiating between their skills and those of their peers

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Frage 40 von 76

1

Mr Lynch always uses his 'mean' face to stop undesirable behaviour in his first-period class. However, even though he looks at Steve with this mean face each time Steve talks out of turn, Steve is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Steve, the mean face apparently a:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Cue

  • Positive reinforcer

  • Model

  • Negative reinforcer

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Frage 41 von 76

1

Given current research findings, Piaget's theories seem to have ________ infant's cognitive abilities and ________ adolescent's cognitive abilities.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • underestimated; overestimated

  • overestimated; underestimated

  • accurately assessed; overestimated

  • overestimated; accurately assessed

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Frage 42 von 76

1

Compared to the behaviouristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognises people as what type of learners?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Egocentric

  • Passive

  • Social

  • Active

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Frage 43 von 76

1

Mr. Mac uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Jimmy breaks a rule, he loses a 'chip'. If the infraction is major, Jimmy loses several chips. This is an example of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Cueing

  • Negative punishment

  • Positive punishment

  • Satiation

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Frage 44 von 76

1

Which of the following best summarises the effects of parent-child attachments on later development?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Insecurely attached infants have lifelong emotional problems, even if the attachment style improves after infancy

  • A secure relationship with one's father cannot compensate for an insecure mother-child attachment relationship

  • A secure attachment may become insecure as a result of major stresses in the family, such as divorce or a mother returning to work

  • An infant who is securely attached to its mother at age one appears to be invulnerable to later socio-emotional difficulties

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Frage 45 von 76

1

In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, become somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Secure

  • Disorganised-disoriented

  • Resistant

  • Avoidant

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Frage 46 von 76

1

Which of the following definitions best describes 'development' in the context of human development and learning?

Hint: it's in the Week 1 lecture.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A process in which an individual grows in stages, both emotionally and cognitively, from infancy to adolescence.

  • The continuous physical changes that an individual experiences throughout their lifetime, and how these physical can affect a person's mental and social wellbeing.

  • Systematic changes and continuities in an individual occurring between conception and death.

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Frage 47 von 76

1

What are the three domains of development?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Physical

  • Behavioural

  • Psychosocial

  • Environmental

  • Societal

  • Cognitive

  • Social-Emotional

  • Nature/Nurture

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Frage 48 von 76

1

Match the Key Developmental Stages with the age groups that define them:

Conception to birth:

6 to 12 years old (until onset of puberty):

65 years and older:

Approximately 12 to 18/20 years old:

40 to 65 years old:

The first 2 years of life (where the first month is neonatal):

2 to 5/6 years old:

20 to 40 years old:

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Prenatal Period
    Middle Childhood
    Late Adulthood
    Adolescence
    Middle Adulthood
    Infancy
    Early Childhood
    Early Adulthood

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Frage 49 von 76

1

Match each of the following examples of Skinner's Operant Conditioning with their correct label of either reinforcement or punishment.

: A child cleans their room, receives a hug from their parent for doing so, and as a result continues to clean their room in the future.

: Bob returns his library book after the date that it was due, as a result he must now pay a $5 late fee to cover the time that the library has not had access the book.

: A child throws a book across a classroom and as a result the teacher tells the student that they are to stay inside on detention after school hours.

: Stacey's mum asks her if she has cleaned her room, to which Stacey replies that she has. However, Stacey knows that despite telling her mum one thing, she has in actuality not tidied her bedroom. She has lied to her mum to avoid getting a lecture about being messy and has got away with this behaviour, therefore being more likely to lie to her mother in the future.

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    Positive Reinforcement
    Negative Punishment
    Positive Punishment
    Negative Reinforcement

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Frage 50 von 76

1

Match each of Bronfenbrenner's physical and social contexts of the Bioecological Model of Development with their descriptions.

: Immediate environment (face to face interactions)

: The linkage/connection between 2 or more microsystems

: Linkages between social systems that have an indirect influence (e.g. children can be affected by how their parent's day at work went)

: A larger cultural context (beliefs, cultures, and societal values)

: Changes that occur within a lifetime - a continual flux of changes (e.g. war, economic crisis, etc.)

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Microsystem
    Mesosystem
    Exosystem
    Macrosystem
    Chronosystem

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Frage 51 von 76

1

Pavlov used the neutral stimulus of a tuning fork during his classical conditioning experiments. The subject of these experiments, a dog, learned to salivate at the sound of the tuning fork with the anticipation of receiving a piece of meat that usually comes along with the sound.

What has the tuning fork now become?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • an unconditioned stimulus

  • a conditioned stimulus

  • an unconditioned response

  • a conditioned response

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Frage 52 von 76

1

Place the following conditions for effective modelling in the appropriate order:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Attention
    Retention
    Reproduction
    Motivation

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Frage 53 von 76

1

How is information transmitted in the nervous system?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Neurotransmitters jump across synapses from the dendrites of one neuron to the axon of another

  • Neurotransmitters race trough myelin to and from the brain

  • Neurotransmitters jump across synapses from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another

  • Nerve cells connect to each other and send messages to and from the brain

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Frage 54 von 76

1

Match the growth principle to its definition.
Growth occurs n a head to tail direction.
Growth occurs from the centre outwards.
Growth starts out as globally / undifferentiated, then moves towards differentiated

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    Cephalocaudal.
    Proximodistal.
    Othogenetic.

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Frage 55 von 76

1

Persistence of primitive reflexes throughout development can suggest problems.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 56 von 76

1

Name the five signs that indicate the presence of a theory of mind.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Imitation

  • Self-efficacy

  • Understanding intention

  • Sensorimotor

  • Joint attention

  • Pretend play

  • Abstract thinking

  • Emotional understanding

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Frage 57 von 76

1

Match the experiment with the theory it supports.
Theory of Mind
Attachment Theory
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    The Sally-Anne test
    The 'Strange Situation
    Rats in a box
    Tuning fork / Dog / Meat

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Frage 58 von 76

1

Place in order Maslow's hierarchy of needs (low to high).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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    Physiological
    Safety
    Love
    Self-esteem
    Self actualisation

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Frage 59 von 76

1

Situated Learning is based on which topic?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Behaviourism

  • Constructivism

  • Social development

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Frage 60 von 76

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Name the theorist who created each specific Professional Learning Community model.

Joint enterprise; shared repertoire; mutual engagement: ( Wengar, Hord, DuFour )
Ensuring that students learn; a culture of collaboration; a focus on results: ( DuFour, Wengar, Hord )
Supporting and shared leadership; shared values and vision; collective learning and application; shared personal practise; supporting conditions: ( Hord, DuFour, Wengar )

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Frage 61 von 76

1

The concept of 'Childhood' was not developed until the 17th century, before which children were dressed and treated as adults in many cultures, with the same duties and responsibilities. This concept of childhood recognised the innocence of children and the distinct difference in behaviour between themselves and adults.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 62 von 76

1

The developmental stage of 'Adolescence' was acknowledged by theorists in the 17th century and was described as the period of an individuals life between the ages of roughly 12 years old (pre-pubescent) and 25 years old.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 63 von 76

1

'Emerging Adulthood' is one of the more recently defined developmental stages being used by theorists, and is described as the time from 18 to 25 years when a person is exploring their identity, relationships, financial stability, independence, psychological needs, and so on.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 64 von 76

1

'Middle Age' is a developmental stage that emerged in the 20th century. It describes a time in adulthood when individuals are generally financially stable, have meaningful relationships and responsibilities, and are beginning to see their children move out of home or gain more independence of their own.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 65 von 76

1

What are the three goals of studying development?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Optimisation

  • Research

  • Description

  • Creating new theories

  • Awareness

  • Explanaition

  • Hypotheses

  • Publication

  • Experimentation

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Frage 66 von 76

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Theories of development and developmental stages are tested in the hopes that they not only describe how we change as humans over time, but also how these stages can be optimised to encourage positive growth. The three goals of studying development are description, explanation and optimisation. Match each of the following definitions with their corresponding goal:

( Explanation, Description, Optimisation ) -
The developmental stages theorised are either typical to development or are individually different dependant on who they are applied to. This goal discusses theory universality and WHY developmental stages either do or do not apply to real life.

( Description, Optimisation, Explanation ) -
This goal recognises specific developmental stages and how they are applied to individuals.

( Optimisation, Explanation, Description ) -
This goal recognises the stages of development that people undertake, and hence aims to devise ways that these stages may be used to encourage the best possible development in people.

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Frage 67 von 76

1

Are each of the following definitions correct or incorrect?

The definition of 'Nature':
The influences of the environment on development, emphasis on learning, and the idea that experiences cause change.

The definition of 'Nurture':
Development is influenced by heredity, the process of maturation and biological factors.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 68 von 76

1

Who is considered to be the founder of developmental studies?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Albert Bandura

  • G. Stanley Hall

  • Ivan Pavlov

  • Sigmund Freud

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Frage 69 von 76

1

Check all of the following that belong to the Key Assumptions of Development in regards to having a modern day life-span perspective.

Development:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • is a life long process

  • is multidirectional

  • involves both gain and loss

  • is characterised by lifelong plasticity

  • is shaped by historical-cultural contexts

  • is multiply influenced

  • must be studied by multiple disciplines

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Frage 70 von 76

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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a process of generating ideas and testing them. It states that preliminary observations should provide ideas for a theory, and that these theories should in turn generate hypotheses and predictions.

In order to test the functionality of a theory, there are three elements that a good theory should be:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Original, falsifiable, published

  • Thoroughly researched, falsifiable, applicable to real life

  • Internally consistent, falsifiable, supported by data

  • Internally consistent, related to existing theories, thoroughly researched

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Frage 71 von 76

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3 critical features of a true experiment is that there is a random assignment of participants, a manipulation of the independent variable, and that the experiment is controlled.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 72 von 76

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Match each of the following methods of experimentation with their descriptions.

: Aims to discover whether two variables are related in a systematic fashion. For example, the correlation between a child's viewing of violent TV shows and their level of aggressive behaviour 15 years later as an adult.

: Explores the performance of and provides a comparison for different cohorts or age groups who complete the same experiment. E.g. a 5 year old and a 15 year old complete the same puzzle in a test to compare the differences in their cognitive abilities.

: One cohort repeat a study over time, for example a memory test is administered to Year 12 students every 2 months to measure changes over time in the same age group. These studies tend to be time consuming, as participants must be contacted at each interval of the testing.

: A combination of the cross sectional and longitudinal design, where a wide range of participants from different age ranges/cohorts undertake a study on multiple occasions. These tests are generally time consuming and can be expensive, but are proven to be the most effective at collecting accurate or useful data.

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    The Correlation Method
    Cross-Sectional Design
    Longitudinal Design
    Sequential Design

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Frage 73 von 76

1

What are the ethical responsibilities that are expected to be carried out during experimentation?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • All of the following answers.

  • Informed consent of the participant.

  • A debriefing of what will happen during the experiment.

  • Protection from physical, psychological, emotional and any other kind of harm.

  • Confidentiality/anonymity.

  • Participants must be over the age of 16.

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Frage 74 von 76

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Match each of the four key developmental issues with their appropriate descriptions.

- To what extent do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways - or progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings?

- To what extent is development primarily the product of genes, biology and maturation - or of experience, learning and social influences?

- How much do humans do to actively shape their own environments and contribute to their own development - or are they more passive and shaped by forces beyond their control?

- In what ways is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture, and in what ways do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?

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    Continuity and discontinuity
    Nature and nurture
    Activity and passivity
    Universality and context specificity

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Frage 75 von 76

1

Match each of the theorists with their theories.

Psychoanalytic Theory:
Psychosexual Stages -
Psychosocial Stages -

Behaviourism:
Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) -
Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) -
Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) -

Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model -

Humanistic Theories:
Hierarchy of Needs -
Humanistic Theory of Personality -

Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) -

Constructivist Theories:
Sociocultural Theory -
Cognitive Developmental Theory -
Spiral Education -

Systems Theories:
Bioecological Model of Development -
Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective -

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    Freud
    Erikson
    Pavlov
    Watson
    Skinner
    Bandura
    Maslow
    Rogers
    Harlow
    Vygotsky
    Piaget
    Bruner
    Bronfenbrenner
    Gottlieb

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Frage 76 von 76

1

Match each of the theorists with their theories.

Psychoanalytic Theory:
Psychosexual Stages -
Psychosocial Stages -

Behaviourism:
Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) -
Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) -
Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) -

Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model -

Humanistic Theories:
Hierarchy of Needs -
Humanistic Theory of Personality -

Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) -

Constructivist Theories:
Sociocultural Theory -
Cognitive Developmental Theory -
Spiral Education -

Systems Theories:
Bioecological Model of Development -
Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective -

Schema Theory (aside from Piaget, story about American Indians) -

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    Freud
    Erikson
    Pavlov
    Watson
    Skinner
    Bandura
    Maslow
    Rogers
    Harlow
    Vygotsky
    Piaget
    Bruner
    Bronfenbrenner
    Gottlieb
    Bartlett

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