Roman Empire

When does the Roman conquest expand over the peninsula?

Influences (3)

At first conquest was _______

How was it conducted?

After conquest, area was divided into 2 areas:

Hispania ______

Hispania ________

End of Punic Wars results in:

Why does the fact that there is no centralized power make it difficult?

Towns or regions
that resisted they forced into submission, often through
long wars. This was the case with ______, which fell
only after a lengthy siege.

The Romans had become involved in what they
called Hispania only to thwart the ambitions of _______

They were quick to recognize the advantages the peninsula
offered. These ranged from the ______– as one historian
said, they could claim to have reached the end of
the world where Hispania touched the boundless ocean –
to the ______and _______

Control of the peninsula
would help secure the sea routes to __________

The Roman republic and
later Roman emperors benefited from _______ on land and
_______from mineral exploitation in the peninsula

Several
would-be emperors owned profitable _______there,
and in fact launched from Hispania their _______ to
secure the imperial throne.

_______ and _______
also established themselves successfully in the peninsula
as the Romans settled in.

Rome’s authority in the inland areas of the peninsula
spread slowly, reaching its fullest extent only after
____________

a process of _________ began almost immediately
after the Romans moved in, and proceeded as
local and imported customs interacted and blended.

The
Romans imposed their ______and members of the local elite
who wished to deal with the Roman authorities and to
function in the new system had to learn _______and
the ______

___________
fostered biological integration and cultural assimilation
as well.

Prominent among those who intermarried were
__________who remained in Spain and received land
when their enlistments ended.

Later, _________
who sought opportunities in Spain secured local marriages
and the connections they brought.

Roman religion,
including the __________ and the many mystery
religions of Roman or eastern Mediterranean origin,
spread to Spain with the immigrants and became established
there.

An important key to understanding the Roman period
in Spain is the story __________that linked the
various parts of the peninsula together for the first time
and connected it to the wider Mediterranean world.

In
some cases, the Romans created new _________often
by ________ to _________

Newly
created municipalities under direct Roman control were
called ________whose inhabitants were Roman citizens
enjoying _____privileges

The implantation of colonies
began very early on. In _____, the Roman general_______ established a colony of veteran soldiers
at the new town of _____ near _____, now an
important archeological site

Other colonies joined existing
municipalities, such as the small town of _______, or
_______ (Roman Tarraco), already a sizeable city and
the chief town of the ______ tribe

_______became the
capital of Hispania Citerior.

In time, indigenous communities
became associated with the Romans and received
the title of _______ (sing., municipium).

Officials of such
towns received _______and the ordinary
inhabitants became ____, a lesser status that did
not confer _______

Where the terrain permitted, Romans laid out their
towns on a common,______ pattern with the principal
________ street, called the ______
intersecting
with the main _______ called the ________ usually to
form a ______

The construction of public works also
aided in the Romanization of a town

Most Roman municipalities had _____
_________over local rivers, and _____ to assure the
water supply

The aqueduct of ______ is the most prominent
one remaining today, but portions of others exist in
Mérida and Tarragona

Roman houses followed a typical
Mediterranean pattern, with rooms opening into a _____ _______and presenting an easily fortified face to the street.
Tile roofs and stone, brick, or plaster exteriors provided a
durable structure, relying on local materials

Roman towns had temples
(later churches), public baths, schools, and, in the case of
larger towns and cities, stadiums, race courses, and elaborate
theatres and amphitheatres

The most important cities of Roman Spain gained
that status because they offered ___________

_______
the capital of Hispania Citerior, sat on a strategic
hilltop, which its previous rulers, the _______
had already walled.

Only
five days from Rome by sea, Tarraco also had a road link
to the_____valley and thus quick access to the interior
of Spain.

One of the most prominent cities inland from
Tarraco was ____________ (now Zaragoza/Saragossa),
whose name indicates its foundation as a colony by
Emperor Augustus between __ and __ BC

The natural harbor at today’s ________ on
the Mediterranean served as an ideal site for a town in
Carthaginian times, and the Romans made it a prominent
port for the entire southeastern region of ____________
They also minted ______ there.

In the southwest of Hispania Ulterior, Roman ships
and boats came up the __________ River as far as ______
(modern Córdoba), where a major bridge spanned
the river.

The city was a Roman regional capital, founded
as a municipium in the _______, made a colony of army veterans under Julius Caesar and Augustus.

Down
the Guadalquivir River from Córdoba, near Itálica, lay the
town of _______(Seville), which was in existence from the
time of _______ In fact, he may have founded it himself
during his short tenure as governor of ________
in__and ___BC

Hispalis became a prominent river
port with access to the __________which undoubtedly
explains its ascendancy over _______

At the
mouth of the _________ Gades (Cádiz) was already
an ancient city when the Romans arrived. With its huge
bay and ideal defensible site, Gades served as a strategic
____on Rome’s Atlantic shipping routes and gained additional
wealth from_________ Julius Caesar gave the city’s
residents full _________ .

the urban infrastructure
included temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, and an amphitheatre.

_______, on the Guadiana River in western Spain near
the Portuguese border, retains many architectural and
engineering reminders of its Roman past.

The city began
life as _______ _______, a colony for the veterans of
Augustus’s campaigns in the northwest of the peninsula.

Even today, Latin adjectival forms often appear in
formal usage for Spanish cities and other institutions:

Despite these pervasive remnants of the Roman presence
in Spain, the process of Romanization was __________________throughout the peninsula.

______ and _______
Hispania assimilated most completely into the Roman
world, following their long tradition of contact with successive
Mediterranean civilizations.

Farther to ___________ Roman influence faded, with some notable
exceptions.

The _______ ________ _________ were the
least affected by contact with Rome

Throughout the peninsula_______areas were more
romanized than _____areas, and urban elites assimilated
more completely than _______of the population.
W

Jewish
communities began to form in the__________ A.D
populated by refugees who fled westward following the
Romans’ destruction of the temple of ________ in the
___________A.D

Jewish communities in
Iberia maintained a continuous existence and developed a
rich culture, creating the _______branch of European
Jewry

During the Roman period, the rural economy of Iberia
changed considerably. _________ characteristic of
pre-Roman days, declined as peasant farmers competed
unsuccessfully with larger holdings amassed by Roman
immigrants and members of the local elite.

The large
landowners could afford to acquire slaves and operate on
a much larger scale, producing for a network of markets
both within and outside Iberia.

Large landowners sold their products in urban markets
all over Roman Spain, and exported products by
sea to other markets around the Mediterranean and elsewhere.

Exports from Hispania also included ______

Some of the earliest Mediterranean traders to reach
Iberia came because of the abundant____ available along
the coasts.

The town of_______was an important
center of the fish-salting industry. Founded in the
time of ______(...) as a municipium,
it lay on the Atlantic coast between Gibraltar
and _____ _______
and had important ties with _____in North Africa.

Baelo Claudia also produced the widely popular fish
sauce the Romans called_____ known to earlier inhabitants
as garon

Baelo Claudia
suffered an earthquake in the _______A.D that cut
its easy access to the hinterland. The settlement declined
thereafter and finally was _____

Due to Spain’s importance in the Roman world, there
were frequent contacts and migrations between ______and
Hispania.

The emperors Trajan and ______ were born
in Spain, and the Emperor ______ I as well. ______, the emperor and Stoic philosopher, was of Spanish
ancestry, though born in Rome.

In philosophy and literature,
Seneca, Quintilian, Martial, and Lucan were all born in Hispania, of either Hispanic or Roman parentage.

Christianity came early to Iberia, certainly as early
as the_______century. There are even traditions that Saint
_____and Saint______ preached in Spain.

The early history
of Iberian Christianity is obscure, though it was probably
linked initially with the establishment of Jewish communities
in ________Spain during the early Jewish
diaspora in the________century

By the ______ Century
the details of Christian history in Iberia become clearer.
By then, Christian communities were large enough to
have their own ______ and to maintain ties with the
papacy in Rome.

The persecution of Christians by Roman
authorities in Hispania occurred ______

Early in the fourth century, Christianity received recognition
as a ________ throughout the Roman Empire,
and thereafter expanded rapidly. By the _____s it became the
legal and official religion of the empire, under Emperor
________

By then, Christianity had become fully
established in Spain

The most important early act of the
Spanish church occurred at the Council of ______ in____
when the clergy announced their allegiance to the Nicene
Creed as the basis of their faith.

The church in Spain
remained largely independent of secular authority, having
secured _______ from taxation and the right to __________ from Roman authorities.

Over the course of the third and fourth centuries,
the______ portions of the Roman Empire experienced
economic and demographic alterations.

Popular histories
often refer to this as the decline of the Roman Empire,
but the decline __________ all parts of the empire equally.

Imperial defense suffered from
these changes in the west, and the Romans found it more
and more difficult to maintain their ______frontiers
against the tide of outside groups that wanted to penetrate
the empire.

By the late _________ there were
separate emperors in the eastern and western portions of
the empire, as well as separate ____________