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CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
1. Explain using the terms ‘concentration gradient’ and stating the two regions that it is between in appropriate situations.
- defn of conc gradient
- defn of water potential
-defn of permeable membrane
-defn of partially permeable membrane
2. Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
3. Describe the importance of diffusion in nutrient uptake in humans and gaseous exchange in plants and humans.
(a) Nutrient uptake in humans
3. (b) Gaseous exchange in humans
3. (c) Gaseous exchange in plants
4. Describe the effects of osmosis on plant and animal tissues.
5. Describe the importance of active transport as in ion uptake by root hairs and uptake of glucose by cells in the villi.
6. State the similarities and differences between diffusion and osmosis.
7. State the differences between active transport and diffusion.
8. State and explain the factors (e.g. surface area to volume ratio, temperature, concentration gradient and particle size) that affect the rate of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
9. Use the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions in appropriate situations.
10. Describe fully, what happens, when...
(a) A plant cell is placed in a soln of higher wp
(b) a plant cell is placed in a solution of lower water potential?
(c) an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
(d) an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
10. (e) What is turgor pressure & what are the advantages & disadvantages of it?
CHAPTER 9: TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
1. State the structure and functions of xylem and phloem.
(ai) Functions of xylem
1. (aii) Structure of xylem tissue
1. (bi) Function of phloem
1. (bii) Structure of phloem tissue
2. Describe how the xylem and phloem are adapted to its functions.
(a) Xylem
2. (b)
3. Compare and contrast the vascular tissues organised in the stems, roots and in the leaves.
(i) Arrangement in stem
3. (ii) Arrangement in roots
3. (iii) Arrangement in leaf
4. Describe the process of the entry of water, in terms of water potential, from the soil to xylem.
How do root hairs absorb ions or mineral salts?
5. Describe and explain the adaptation of root hair cell for its function.
6. Define transpiration.
7. Describe the movement of water from the leaf to the air outside.
7. [TYS 2012 9.(a)] Explain how water passes from a mesophyll cell to the atmosphere. [5]
8. Describe the movement of carbon dioxide from the leaf to the atmospheric air.
9. Identify and explain the factors affecting the rate of transpiration.
(i) Humidity
(ii) Wind / air movement
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Light
10. State the importance of transpiration in plants.
11. State the advantage and disadvantage of wilting.
11. State the advantages & disadvantages of wilting
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
12. Describe the experiments used to study rate of transpiration.
(A) How can we show transpiration in a potted plant?
(B) How can we show transpiration occurs mainly through the leaves?
(C) How can we compare the rates of transpiration of the upper & lower surfaces of a leaf?
(D) How can we show that transpiration occurs largely through the stomata?
E. Measuring the rate of transpiration of a shoot using a spring balance
F. Measuring the rate of transpiration of a potted plant under laboratory conditions
G. Using a potometer
G. STEPS
STEPS
13. Define translocation.
14. Describe at least one experiment used to study translocation.
A) Using aphids
B) Using the ringing exp
15. Identify phloem vessels and xylem vessels of root, stem and leaf for both transverse and longitudinal sections from diagrams or under the light microscope.
(a) Longitudinal section of phloem
(b) Stem
(c) Root
TYS 2010 Qn 7(bi) Describe how the potometer can be used to measure the rate of water loss from the leafy shoot.
7(bii) Explain the purpose of the waterproof seal.
17. State how root pressure, capillary action and transpiration pull contributes to movement of water up the xylem.
TRANSPIRATION PULL
TRANSPIRATION PULL PROCESS
19. Describe how a molecule of glucose from the mesophyll cell can reach the other parts of the plant.
CHAPTER 8: TRANSPORT IN HUMANS
1. Describe the main functions of blood
1. (a) Transport function
What substances is transported in blood?
1. (a) Transport of O2
MOCK Exam Qn8.(c) Explain why ppl may experience shortness of breath at their 1st attempt at exercising at high altitudes. Suggest the advantage for athletes to exercise at high altitudes over a period of time before competing.[5] (refer to tb pg14)
1. (b&c) Protective function of blood
(i) Clotting of blood
(i) Clotting of blood
(ii) Phagocytosis
(iii) Pdtn of antibodies
(iii) Pdtn of antibodies - immune system
2. Identify the components of blood and state their structure and function.
- Main components of blood
2. (c) Plasma
Thematic Test 4: Transport
2.(a) Describe the role of plasma in Man’s circulatory system & discuss its features that enable it to do so. [6]
2. (a) RBCs
2.(b) White blood cells (Lymphocytes & Phagocytes)
2. (b) Lymphocytes
2. (b) Phagocytes
2. (d) Platelets
3. Describe the process of blood clotting and the components involved.
4. Identify and label the structures of the human heart.
4. Structure of heart
Common heart conditions:
(1) 'Hole in the heart'
(2) 'Leaky Valves'
(MOCK exam p2 Qn3. bii) Rheumatic fever is a common infection that causes heart valve disease. As a result the heart valves may become “leaky”, that is they may not be able to close completely. Suggest & explain how this affects the function of the heart. (2)
5. Describe the cardiac cycle in terms of what happened, muscular contraction and working of valves, during systole and diastole.
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle
6. Understand the importance of a double circulation
6. Advantages of a double circulation
7. Describe the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
8. Identify the main three blood vessels
8. Arteries
8. Arterioles
C) Using isotopes
8. Capillaries
8. Venules & Veins
8. Heart
9. Compare and explain the differences in characteristics between the blood vessels.
9. Drawing of the 3 main blood vessels
10. State the importance of valves.
THEMATIC TEST: TRANPORT
Qn 2.(b) Explain how the heart functions as a pump & keeps blood flowing in 1 direction. [6]
12. Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney.
- Arteries
12.
-Veins
13. Describe the process of the transfer of materials from blood to tissue cells.
-Tissue fluid
RBCs change their shape as they flow through narrow blood capillaries
14. Identify the ABO blood groups and discuss the results when different blood groups are mixed together.
14. Identify the ABO blood groups and discuss the results when different blood groups are mixed together.
*CONSIDER EFFECT OF RECIPIENT’S PLASMA (ANTIBODY) ON DONOR’S RBCS (ANTIGENS)
15. Describe coronary heart disease.
TYS 2010 QN 1.(b) State the functions of the coronary arteries. [2]
16. Explain the cause of coronary heart disease and state the preventive measures, as well as treatment methods.
CAUSE
Factors increasing the risk of CHD, preventive measures & treatment methods
17. Describe how valves open & close
18. State the importance of the medium septum.
19. Define tissue rejection and describe its preventive measures.
19. Preventive measures
20. State the pressure differences in different parts of the circulatory system.
Blood Pressure
21. Identify the parts of the body that transports substances to and from.
22. Differentiate between clotting and agglutination.
24. Determine, from the graph showing the changes in pressure in the left side of the heart, the length of four events: ventricular systole and diastole and atrial systole and diastole.
Changes in pressure from the graph
25. Determine, from the graph showing the changes in pressure in the left side of the heart, the length of four events: semilunar valves in the aorta open and close and bicuspid valve open and close.
26. Determine, from the graph showing the changes in pressure in the left side of the heart, the graph representing the pressure in the atrium, pressure in the ventricles and pressure in the aorta.
