GCSE Chemistry B
OCR Gateway

Which three sections of the Earth make up its structure?

Why is it difficult to collect information about the structure of the Earth?

What do scientists have to rely on studying in order to understand the structure of the Earth?

What is the Earth's lithosphere?

What is the top of the lithosphere 'cracked' into?

What are the two types of tectonic plates?

Where do the oceanic plates sit?

What do the continental plates form?

List the five tectonic plates that make up the Earth.
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 26

Why do the plates sit on top of the mantle?

Do plates move slowly or quickly?

What do these movements cause at the boundaries between plates?
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 26

Just below the crust, what form does the mantle take?

What happens to the mantle at greater depths?

What is formed by heat released from radioactive decay in the core?

What do convection currents cause, in reference to magma (molten rock)?

How is new igneous rock formed?

What causes the plates to move?

Which has the higher density, oceanic crust or continental crust?

What is subduction?

What does the diagram, Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 27, show?

Have there been many theories put forward to explain changes in the Earth's surface?

Which theory do scientists now accept?

Why is the theory of plate tectonics widely accepted?

What did Alfred Wegener suggest in 1914 about the surface of the Earth?

Which idea did Wegener develop?

Which other features on the Earth's surface did Wegener notice?

Where Wegener's ideas initially accepted?

What supported Wegener's theory in the 1960s?

What did the studies of the 1960s show?

Where do volcanoes form?

In which places are there weaknesses in the Earth's crust?

Why does the magma rise through the crust?

Why do geologists study volcanoes?

Why do geologists aim to predict when eruptions will occur?

Why can living near a volcano be dangerous?

Why do some people choose to live by a volcano?

Even though geologists are better at being able to predict when eruptions will occur, what are the predictions never to be?

What is lava

What is magma?

When lava cools what is formed?

Do all volcanoes have lava with the same degree of thickness?

Which lava erupts more violently and catastrophically?

What happens when liquid rock cools?

What are igneous rocks?

What does rhyolite lava make?

Which construction materials come from rocks found in the Earth's crust?

Which material is the easiest to shape?

Which material is the hardest to shape?

Why do rocks differ in hardness?

What is marble made from?

What are limestone and marble mainly made of?

What happens to calcium carbonate when it is heated?

Give the word equation for calcium carbonate.

Give the symbol equation for calcium carbonate.

What type of reaction is that of calcium carbonate?

What does a combination of heated clay and limestone make?

What is used to make concrete?

Is concrete hard and strong?

How can concrete be strengthened?

What sort of material is reinforced concrete?

What is a composite material?

What does reinforced concrete combine?

Does reinforced concrete have many more or many less uses than ordinary concrete?

Whereabouts is rock dug out of?

What do mining and quarrying companies have to do on the local area and environment?

Why must mining and quarrying companies reduce their impact of the local area and environment?

What will a responsible company to after it has finished working on an area?

Where is copper extracted from?

How is copper extracted?

Give the word equation to make copper.

Give the symbol equation to make copper.

What does the process of extracting copper use?

How does this affect the expense of extracting copper?

What is removed from the copper oxide?

What is the process of removing oxygen from copper oxide called?

Is it cheaper to recycle copper than to extract it from its ore?

What does recycling copper also do?

Why is recycling copper more difficult?

If copper is very impure what can it be purified using, before it can be used again?

What does electrolysis use in order to break down compounds into simpler substances?

In electrolysis, what is electricity passed through?

What are used to allow the electricity to flow through the electrolyte?

What is the anode made of?

What charge does the anode have?

Does the anode lose mass or gain mass?
Chemistry 3: Chemical Resources, page 30

What is the cathode made of?

Which charge does a cathode have?

Does the cathode gain mass or lose mass?
Chemistry 3: Chemical Resources, page 30

What is an alloy?

Give examples of two alloys.

What do alloys do to a metal?

Give three examples of alloys used in everyday life.

What is a smart alloy?

What can nitinol be used for?

Which materials are used to make cars?

In the table, Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 31, compare the properties of aluminium and iron.

Which other metals can aluminium be mixed with to make an alloy?

Do alloys have different or similar properties from the metals that they are made from?

What do these properties make the alloy?

What is steel an alloy of?

Why is steel used to make cars?

Which metal is also used to make car bodies?

In comparison to steel which properties does aluminium have?

Why will aluminium have a longer lifetime if it is used to make a car?

Why will the car have a better fuel economy if made with aluminium?

What is rusting an example of?

Which does rusting need?

When does rusting happen even faster?

Why doesn't aluminium react and corrode in air and water?

What does this layer of aluminium oxide do?

Can most materials in a car be recycled?

Since 2006, what does the law state about the recycling of a car?

When does this increase to 95%?

What can separating all the different materials for recycling result in?

What does recycling materials mean?

What does recycling the plastics and fibres help with?

Which materials of a car would cause pollution if put into a landfill?

What does this mean about recycling if pollution from landfill sites is prevented?

What is ammonia (NH3)?

What can ammonia be used to make?

How are cheap fertilisers important?

Is the reaction which makes ammonia reversible?

What does this mean, in reference to the reaction being reversible?

What is a reversible reaction?

In which process is ammonia made on a large scale?

What are the two reactants in the Haber process that make ammonia?

Why aren't optimum conditions used in the making of ammonia?

Describe the compromise reached for the conditions used in the Haber process.

What percentage of the reactant gases make ammonia?

What happens to the unreactant gases?

Once it has been made, what happens to the ammonia?

In the diagram, Chemistry 3: Chemical Resources, page 33 what is being shown?

What does the cost of making a new substance depend on?

Which factors affect the cost of making a new substance?

What are indicators?

What is the difference between indicators?

What are acids?

What are bases?

Which colour does acid turn litmus indicator?

Which colour do bases turn litmus indicator?

What are soluble bases?

How can you find the pH of a solution?
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 35

What are metal oxides and metal hydroxides?

What happens when bases are added to acids in the correct amounts?

Give the word equation for a neutralisation reaction between an acid and base.

What happens when an acid is added to an alkali?

What happens when an alkali is added to an acid?

What can acids also be neutralised by?

What does this neutralisation produce?

Give the word equation for the neutralisation between an acid and carbonate.

Where does the first name of a salt come from?

Give examples where the first name of a salt comes from the name of the base or carbonate used.

Where does the second name of a salt come from?

Give examples where the second name of the salt comes from the acid used.

Give an example on a salt named from a base or carbonate used and an acid used.

What do alkalis in solution contain?

What do acids in solution contain?

What is the pH of a solution a measure of?

Which ionic equation can neutralisation be described through?

What does the table, Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 36, infer?

What are fertilisers?

What can fertilisers do as world populations rise?

Which problems can fertilisers cause?

Why must fertilisers be soluble in water?

How do fertilisers increase crop yield?

How can some fertilisers be manufactured?

How can a fertiliser be made?

List the stages in which a fertiliser can be made from neutralisation.
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 37

List the equipment need to make a fertiliser by neutralisation.

What is eutrophication?

Describe the three stages in which eutrophication takes place.
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 37

What do you need to be able to interpret in reversible reactions?

What do economic considerations determine in the manufacture of chemicals?

Which three things are important in the manufacture of ammonia, in reference to the amount, time and cost?

What are the three benefits and problems with a low temperature, high pressure and catalyst, in the Haber process?

What is the compromise reached?

What does this give in terms of reaction and percentage yield?

What is sodium chloride used as?

What id sodium chloride an important source of?

Where can sodium chloride be obtained from?

Where can sodium chloride be mined?

What has the mining of sodium chloride led to in some parts of Cheshire?

When concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, why must the electrodes be made from inert materials?

What does this process (of the electrolysis of sodium chloride) form?
Chemistry 2: Chemical Resources, page 39

How can you test for chlorine?

What are the uses for the products of electrolysis of sodium chloride?

What does brine (NaCl(aq)) contain?

What does the large scale electrolysis of brine happen as?

What does this global market generate?

How is hydrogen made?

What is reduction?

How is chlorine made?

What is oxidation?

Which two ions remain in the solution?

What do the remaining ions of sodium and hydroxide make?