This type of vocal fold lesion often gets better with therapy: .

Mary presents with an increased stiffness and swelling of the superficial lamina propria. Her pitch is low and her vocal quality is hoarse. Mary has .

Leo complains of a constant globus sensation and chronic throat clearing. His vocal quality is hoarse and breathy. A laryngoscopy reveals a sore-like lesion on the left arytenoid complex. Leo has a contact or .

Stan presents with an effortful, weak, hoarse voice. He complains of vocal fatigue. A laryngoscopy reveals a thinning of the superficial lamina propria with grooves along his VF resulting in a bowed appearance. Stan probably has .

Ursula complains of a sudden change in vocal quality. She reported that she had recently gotten into a yelling match with Ariel. A laryngoscopy reveals a capillary bleed in her right VF. Her ENT recommends vocal rest and vocal hygiene therapy. Ursula has a vocal fold .

George got into a fight with his girlfriend on Thanksgiving and she whacked him in the neck with a turkey leg. He presents with stridor and throat pain both at rest and during voicing. George experienced laryngeal .

Fred just had a carotid endarterectomy. Following surgery, he complains of a weak and breathy voice with some difficulty swallowing thin liquids. An acoustic/aerodynamic assessment revealed increased transglottal airflow and a decreased subglottal pressure. Fred has vocal fold .

Holly presents with a weak, breathy, and hoarse voice. A laryngoscopy revealed a height mismatch of the VF and a decreased ability to adduct the VF. Holly has laryngeal nerve .

Walter's voice is shaky, tremulous, and weak with aphonic breaks. A laryngoscopy reveals laryngeal spasms and abduction of the VF during vocalization. Walter has .

Ernie is 85 and presents with a vocal tremor and pitch breaks. A laryngoscopy reveals bilateral tremor of the VF and tremors of the soft palate, pharyngeal wall, and false folds. His laryngologist recommended drinking alcohol to relieve symptoms. Ernie has an .

Renee has a neuromuscular disease in which she experiences progressive vocal fatigue with prolonged vocal use. She also experiences fatigue following prolonged use of her facial muscles and limbs. Renee has .

Roger has hypokinetic dysarthria. His voice sounds unenergized and his rate of speech is often slow. The neurodegenerative disease that Roger has is called disease.

Isabel has an autoimmune disease in which she experiences fatigue, numbness, and hypokinetic voice symptoms. She often has abnormally long pauses between words and slurring of words. She also has reduced VF closure and reduced strength. Isabel has .

Ty has a degenerative motor neuron disease that results in incomplete VF closure, atrophy, dysarthria, dystonia, and dysphagia. Ty has .

Helena has an inherited autosomal dominant disorder in which she experiences uncontrollable and unpredictable muscle spasms/movements. Her voice is characterized by abductory and adductory stoppages and difficulty coordinating speaking and breathing. Helena has .

Lena has a disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of the tau protein. She has deficits in the areas of memory, learning, cognition, and visuospatial skills (a hallmark characteristic of the disease). A laryngoscopy reveals bilateral VF paresis. She also has inspiratory stridor. Lena has .

Lauren has demyelination of glial cells. A laryngoscopy revealed bilateral VF paralysis and atrophy. Her vocal quality is breathy and strained with monopitch and monoloudness. She also has flaccid dysarthria. Lauren has .

Billy has a higher than normal pitch and a breathy vocal quality. His larynx appears normal with increased VF stiffness and decreased vibratory amplitude. Billy has .

Tara has no voice when she attempts to phonate. She is also clinically depressed and diagnosed with anxiety disorder. When she does produce a voice, it is high and strained. She complains of pain and tightness in her neck. A laryngoscopy revealed abnormal movement of the VF with difficulty adducting. Tara likely has aphonia.

Hunter experiences VF adduction on inspiration, though his VF appear normal during a nonepisodic event. He presents with inspiratory and expiratory stridor, dyspnea, muscle tightness, chronic cough, and sometimes dysphagia and dysphonia. Hunter has vocal fold dysfunction.

A cough that lasts more than 8 weeks and interferes with one's ability to work/socialize/communicate in daily life is considered .

Jojo has a rough, hoarse vocal quality. A laryngoscopy reveals a pre-cancerous white plaque-like formation on her VF, reduced vibratory amplitude, and a reduced mucosal wave. Jojo has .

Esther has a hoarse, strained vocal quality and complains of globus sensation, sore throat, and persistent coughing. A laryngoscopy reveals a pathologic tissue change in the mucosa. The mucosa appears reddish due to hypervascularization. There is an irregularity on her left VF. Esther probably has .

The layers of the vocal folds, from top to bottom, are the , , , , and .

The superficial lamina propria is the layer of the vocal folds that is essential for function.

The tethers the epithelium and the lamina propria.

The vocalis muscle is also called the and is the only tissue of the vocal folds.

Additional cells in the vocal folds are important for .

The theory is the only credible theory explaining vocal fold vibration.

The theory by explains vocal fold vibration as being a "ripple" effect.

The theory by explains vocal fold movement as a self-oscillating system.

The minimum pressure to sustain phonation is called the .

The is the primary muscle responsible for changing pitch.

Increasing will increase loudness.

The three vocal registers include , , and , from low to high.

The supports the idea that continued air pressure is developed and built up underneath the VF at an amount great enough to displace the inertial property of the VF tissue and sustain the vibration of the VF over time.