Brianna Murphy
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A test for the Immunology section of NATS 1670.

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Brianna Murphy
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Immunology: Defense from Infectious Diseases

Frage 1 von 47

1

Immunology is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The study of our protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells.

  • The study of organisms that are immune to all influence.

  • The study of hereditary differences in illnesses.

  • The study of our brain and the neurological impact of diseases on the human mind.

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Frage 2 von 47

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Research suggests that microbes in this area of the body activate the immune system to help the immune system proliferate.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Gut.

  • Liver.

  • Kidney

  • Esophagus.

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Frage 3 von 47

1

Even when a person is not sick, they still have viruses and bacteria inside them.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 4 von 47

1

An increase in the strength of the immune system is always a good thing.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 5 von 47

1

In the ideal balance of immune system and pathogens,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The immune system and the pathogens are equally weighted.

  • The pathogens in the body outweigh the strength of the immune system.

  • The strength of the immune system outweighs the pathogens in the body.

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Frage 6 von 47

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

The immune system is a three-tiered system. The first is ( intrinsic/physiological barriers, innate immunity response, acquired immunity ). The second is the ( innate immunity response, intrinsic/physiological barriers, acquired immunity ). Lastly, the body relies on ( acquired immunity, intrinsic/physiological barriers, innate immunity response ).

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Frage 7 von 47

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Consider the following differences between immunity responses.
Speed (how long does it take to respond?)
Innate: ( Immediate/hours., A few days. )
Adaptive: ( A few days., Immediate/hours. )
Immunological Memory (does it remember viruses it has already faced?)
Innate: ( Does not possess., Can remember viruses. )
Adaptive: ( Can remember viruses., Does not possess. )
Specificity (What viruses will it deal with?)
Innate: ( One cell recognizes many pathogens., One cell recognizes one pathogen. )
Adaptive: ( One cell recognizes one pathogen., One cell recognizes many pathogens. )

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Frage 8 von 47

1

Match the description to the proper disease or condition.

- A disease caused by too much proliferation of bacteria already inside us.
- A virulent strain of a virus commonly found in the human body.
- Causes a reduction in the immune system.
- When the immune system loses sensitivity between host cells and foreign cells, and so attacks the body.
- When the immune system triggers violently against a disease, causing inflammation throughout the body.
- A immune system reaction to disease that, in the lungs, can lead to a potentially lethal excess of liquids.
- a virus most common in youths that uses the low pH of the stomach to its advantage.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Impetigo
    E Coli 0157
    HIV
    Autoimmune disease
    Sepsis
    Cytokine storm
    Rotavirus

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Frage 9 von 47

1

Streptococcus, a disease in the throat, can be confirmed with the using the following antibody function:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Neutralization.

  • Agglutination.

  • Precipitation.

  • Complement Activation.

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Frage 10 von 47

1

Vaccinations help the immune system by enhancing this portion of immunity:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Innate immunity.

  • Adaptive immunity.

  • Intrinsic/physiological barriers.

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Frage 11 von 47

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There are multiple functions of antibodies that allow them to deal with foreign cells.
is the process wherein Ab 'neutralizes' toxins by binding to them so they cannot activate.
creates a complex of cells.
involves creating complexes of free molecules.
occurs when antibodies bind to antigens and create a hole in them.
involves antibodies binding to the pathogen, inciting macrophages to surround and destroy them.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Opsonization
    Complement activation
    Precipitation
    Agglutination
    Neutralization

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Frage 12 von 47

1

Antigens are produced by plasma in response to a pathogen and can respond specifically to that pathogen.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 13 von 47

1

An antibody is comprised of the following parts:
(check all that apply)

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • A hydrophobic tail.

  • Two arms for binding to antigens.

  • An FC receptor.

  • An AG receptor.

  • A hydrophilic head.

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Frage 14 von 47

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In neutralization, A-B toxins have an active, virulent part and a binding part. To prevent these toxins from doing damage, the antibodies:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Bind to the binding part, preventing it from binding to host cells.

  • Attaching to the virulent part and monitoring its actions so it can signal microphages if the virus attaches to a host.

  • Surrounding the virulent part and breaking it off from the binding receptor.

  • Attacking the binding port, destroying it so the toxin cannot attach to host cells.

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Frage 15 von 47

1

Approximately how many cells do we have specific to each antigen when not infected?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • 10^6.

  • 5-10.

  • 1.

  • ~1000.

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Frage 16 von 47

1

In response to our body not having enough cells to fend off all diseases at all times, we use a process called Clonal Selection. In Clonal Selection,

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Antigen-specific cells multiply only when they come in contact with their antigen.

  • Upon the entrance of a foreign entity to the body, all antibodies begin cloning themselves.

  • Antibodies attach to antigens and prevent them from cloning themselves.

  • The entire human body clones itself, abandoning its previous, diseased form for a newer, healthier body.

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Frage 17 von 47

1

When dealing with streptococcus in the throat, the immune system will create many antibodies. These antibodies can cause a problem after the infection in an autoimmune disease called Rheumatic fever, which targets:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The heart.

  • The liver.

  • The kidney.

  • The brain.

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Frage 18 von 47

1

Comparatively to the first exposure of a pathogen, the secondary immune response is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Stronger.

  • Weaker.

  • The same.

  • Extremely dangerous for the body.

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Frage 19 von 47

1

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

In the lymph node, naïve B cells produce two different types of cells when they encounter an antigen. The ( plasma cells, memory cells, naïve B cells, antibody cells ) produced excrete antibodies to deal with the infection. The ( memory cells, rememberos, plasma cells, super-immunity cells ) produced last for a long time, and prepare the body should it be re-infected with the same pathogen.

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Frage 20 von 47

1

The body has two cellular events in response to antigens. In the primary reponse, the cells produced are cells. In the secondary response, the cells produced are cells.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    IgM
    strong
    antigen
    IgG
    long
    EgG

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Frage 21 von 47

1

Order the steps in the antibody production process.

In response to the antigen protein, the naïve B cell begins reproducing, creating IgM plasma cells and memory cells.
IgG memory cells remain in the body, preparing the body for a second infection.
Proteins on the surface of the pathogen enter the lymphatic system.
Proteins from the surface of the antigen enter the lymph nodes.
Plasma cells excrete antibodies to deal with the antigen.
The proteins encounter a naïve B cell that reacts to them.
As antibodies deal with the infection, some cells mutate into IgG cells.
The body is infected with a disease, and pathogens enter the system.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    5.
    8.
    2.
    3.
    6.
    4.
    7.
    1.

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Frage 22 von 47

1

A large concentration of B cells are housed:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • In the bloodstream.

  • In the lymph nodes.

  • In the gut.

  • In the prefrontal cortex.

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Frage 23 von 47

1

In passive immunization, the body's antibody concentration:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Is highest right after injection.

  • Is highest one year after injection.

  • remains stable over time.

  • increases over time.

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Frage 24 von 47

1

Taking the bus, what type of immunity are you most likely to get?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Passive, Natural.

  • Passive, Artificial.

  • Active, Natural.

  • Active, Artificial.

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Frage 25 von 47

1

Serum is a term for:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Blood cells.

  • Plasma.

  • Infection.

  • Immunization.

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Frage 26 von 47

1

Vaccines work by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Injecting the body with thousands of antibodies.

  • Triggering passive immunity.

  • Triggering active immunity by use of antigens, stimulating the body to defend itself.

  • Wrapping around the body's cells, protecting them from infection.

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Frage 27 von 47

1

In passive immunization, B Cells produce memory cells to protect the body from future infection.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 28 von 47

1

Variolation is an inoculation for small pox that originated from China in approximately ~2000 BC. This was done by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Collecting small-pox patients in the same room.

  • Sniffing smallpox crust.

  • Using parts of the pathogen in foods to boost immunity.

  • Massaging smallpox cream on the skin.

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Frage 29 von 47

1

In 1796, Edward Jenner was looking at smallpox as a disease. To do so, he observed this group of people, who were frequently immune to smallpox.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Milkmaids.

  • Orphans.

  • Aristocrats.

  • Florists.

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Frage 30 von 47

1

The vaccine for Rota Virus was taken out of the market after a brief period of time because the vaccine was assumed to occasionally cause:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Intussusception, wherein the intestine folds into itself.

  • Polio, which can cause paralysis.

  • Pertussis, or whooping cough.

  • Mumps, a condition that causes bumps on the skin.

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Frage 31 von 47

1

Match the viruses to the years their vaccines were created.

1796:
1855:
1920:
1930:
1950:
1960:
1990:
2000:

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Smallpox
    Rabies
    Diptheria, Tetanus
    Pertussis
    Polio
    Mumps, measles, rubella virus
    Hepatitis B
    Rota virus, HPV

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Frage 32 von 47

1

Herd immunity is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Vaccination in a portion of the population providing protection to unprotected individuals.

  • A specific type of immunity seen in herd animals, specifically buffalo.

  • Fewer people being immunized than unimmunized.

  • A type of immune response generated by herds of sick people gathering together.

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Frage 33 von 47

1

People refusing to vaccinate their children is a major problem in the development of herd immunity.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 34 von 47

1

In terms of attenuated organisms, 'live' means:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • With an ability to replicate host cells.

  • The common state of being of a virus.

  • Unicellular.

  • Possessing a nucleus.

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Frage 35 von 47

1

Attenuation of a virus is a process in which:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Viruses are forced to adapt into less virulent forms, making them less dangerous for humans.

  • The virus is neutralized.

  • The virus is strengthened through concentration in one species.

  • The virus is pitted against other viruses, where they combat in a battle-royale-esque scenario until only the strongest virus is left alive.

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Frage 36 von 47

1

A common host when attenuating viruses for humans is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Chicken eggs.

  • Bats.

  • Babies.

  • Rats.

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Frage 37 von 47

1

Varicella zoster is another name for this infection:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Shingles.

  • HIV.

  • Polio.

  • Pertussis.

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Frage 38 von 47

1

A danger with live attenuated vaccines is called back mutation. These are:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • The virus reverting back to a more virulent form.

  • The virus occasionally eating through the back of your cells, destroying them.

  • The attenuated virus acting as back-up and exacerbating a different disease.

  • The virus backing out of the regular part of the system that it usually affects and focusing on a new, less prepared area in the body.

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Frage 39 von 47

1

Kill vaccines work by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Eliminating viral ability to replicate and infectivity without compromising antigenicity.

  • Dissolving the entire virus, taking apart the shell and chemically destroying the nucleus.

  • Chemically activating with the shell, opening it up for the immune system to deal with the inside.

  • Killing the body's cells so the virus has nothing to do.

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Frage 40 von 47

1

In more recent years, small fragment vaccines have been created through cloning using yeast/bacterial cells to make proteins. In the past, proteins were gathered by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Extracting the blood plasma of of patients.

  • Removing and de-shelling viruses from patients.

  • Eating specific, protein-rich foods.

  • Eating bats.

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Frage 41 von 47

1

Which are types of artificial vaccination strategies? (Check all that apply)

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Attenuated organisms.

  • Taking the bus.

  • Kill/subunit organisms.

  • Small fragments (virus fractionation)

  • Injection of the virus in its pure form.

  • Bacterial Exotoxins.

  • Bacteriophage injection.

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Frage 42 von 47

1

Match the type of vaccination to its process:

- 'weakened down' forms of disease that are less dangerous for humans, and replicate.
- Vaccines that inactivate the viruses by destroying the insides of them, leaving the shell.
- Purified subunit vaccines created from fractionation of the original disease.
- Destroys the active side of A-B toxins, creating toxoids - inactive toxins with binding ports.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

    Live attenuated vaccines
    Kill vaccines
    Small Fragments
    Bacterial Exotoxins

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Frage 43 von 47

1

Placental transfer can give us IgG cells, and breastfeeding can give us IgA cells. These types of immunization are examples of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Passive, natural immunization.

  • Passive, artificial immunization.

  • Active, natural immunization.

  • Active, artificial immunization.

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Frage 44 von 47

1

For greatest levels of immunity 5 years into the future, you would want active instead of passive acquired immunity.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

  • WAHR
  • FALSCH

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Frage 45 von 47

1

Botulism is dangerous for the body in moderate quantities, and is extremely dangerous for infants. This said, it still has uses. In small doses, botulism is used in botox. This is because:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • Botulism releases muscles, alleviating wrinkles.

  • Botulism constricts muscles, firming skin.

  • Botulism has numbing qualities that prevent pain in the process.

  • Botulism reinvigorates cells.

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Frage 46 von 47

1

If on a camping trip someone was to be bitten by a bat with rabies, these are the steps that should be taken to care for the injury: (check all that apply)

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

  • Licking the wound clean.

  • Washing the wound with soap and water.

  • Rubbing alcohol over the wound.

  • Getting treated with antibodies against rabies as soon as possible.

  • Rubbing grass in the wound.

  • Apply a tourniquet and amputate as soon as possible.

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Frage 47 von 47

1

When a baby is at risk getting Hepatitis B from their mother, the CDC recommends applying H-BIG (passively delivered antibody) and three doses of the Hep B vaccine at 0 months, 1-2 months and 6 months. When given this treatment, this many kids are Hepatitis B-free for life:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • 19/20 kids.

  • 99/100 kids.

  • 1/2 kids.

  • 1/20 kids.

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