GCSE History Germany 1918-39

Alsace and Lorraine to france

11 German colonies in Africa and far east given to victorious countries

lost egypt

lost 13% of its European territory

lost Belgium to Italy

west Prussia lost to Poland (cutting Germany in two)

army cut to 100,000

no submarines

no airforce

6 battleships

12 destroyers & 12 torpedo boats

Rhineland demilitarised

no black people

5 planes

reparations of £6600 million

reparations of £2 billion

50% of iron reserves

15% of coal reserves

25% of oil reserves

100% of gold reserves

chose the chancellor

could dismiss the Reichstag and call new elections

could suspend the constitution and rule by decree (using Article 48)

could control the army

chose ministers

was elected every 5 years

was elected every 7 years

was voted by proportional representation (meaning there were lots of parties, so a coalition of several parties was needed but the parties all wanted different things)

was voted by first past the post (meaning often the ruling party was ruling because they had more seats and not more votes)

controlled the army

controlled taxes

had the power to delay new laws( this could be overruled by a two-thirds majority in the Reichstag)

could create new laws

chose the president

members came from each local region, according to size

leaders: Rosa Lumburg & Karl liebknecht

left wing

leaders: Wolfgang Kapp

took place January 6th 1919

took place 13th March 1920

wanted to give power to the people, soldiers, local government, and a communist state in Germany

wanted to restore the Kaiser.

had 100,000 supporters.

nearly took over

army and friecorps put down rebellion, arrested or killed several thousand. murdered the leaders.

right wing

left wing

led by Wolfgang Kapp

wanted to: seize Berlin; form a new right-wing government; restore the Kaiser

create a communist state in Germany

happened 13 march 1920, Berlin

happened January 6th 1919

little support: 5000. right-wingers and friekorp members

took control over Berlin then Germany.

They took control of Berlin. Government ask workers to go on strike as army refuses to fight. This stops gas, electricity, water. Kapp flees, caught, put in prison and later dies.

extreme right wing

extreme left wing

Led by Hitler on the 8 November 1923

Led by Hitler on the 10 November 1928

They wanted to end french occupation of the Ruhr and to Stop hyper-flation

Hitler had to act quickly as if hyper-inflation stops, he'll lose support.

support: 3000 supporters, 600 SA, Eirch von Ludendorf (famous general)

They took control of Munich

Easily put down. Hitler gets arrested, supporters flee. Hitler and others go on trial and are guilty of treason.

Trial gets NSDAP banned

The french invasion of the Ruhr. As Germany couldn't make payments, The french invaded the Ruhr and took resources (raw materials, manufactured goods and industrial machinery).

The french invaded the Rhineland. This is because Germany could make payments, so France invaded as a warning.

Hyperinflation. Because the government kept printing money, money became worthless

A consequence of the invasion of the Ruhr is that prices where sent rising as there was a shortage of goods. It also crippled Germany as they weren't making money in that area(increased Germany's debts)

A consequence of the invasion of the Rhineland is that prices where sent rising as there was a shortage of goods. It also crippled Germany as they weren't making money in that area

Under-printing. The government couldn't print money so prices lowered and businesses could no longer make money

workers: had few saving so were not badly affected. There jobs were mostly secure. Lost faith in the government

Middle classes: Savings were worthless. Businessmen couldn't buy goods from abroad.

Hatred of Jews: Some Jewish families kept money in foreign banks, so unaffected. This led to a hatred of Jews, Hither seized on it.

Workers: they went under massive job losses. Their wages were so low that they couldn't afford to buy food

The rich: Largely unaffected if their money was overseas or in property. Saw government as incompetent.

The rich: suffered tremendously if their money was in property as property values plummeted. Saw government as incompetent

Pensioners: Suffered greatly as pensions and savings became worthless. Suffering even worse as they couldn't work.

Germany agreed to keep its new 1919 borders with France and Belgium.

Signed by Germany, Britain, France, Italy

Signed by America, Britain, Belgium, Germany and France

The last allied troops left the Rhineland

It opened talks about Germany joining the League of nations ( it successfully did in 1926)

France offered peace with Germany

Germany was allowed back colonies in Africa

Stressman saw it as a triumph. Some resented borders being confirmed

It reduced Germany's reparations debt from 6.6 billion to 2 billion

it gave Germany 59 more years to pay (until 1988)

it gave Germany 78 more years to pay (until 1999)

Made it possible to lower taxes, leading to an increase in spending power, boosting industry and employment

It reduced Germany's reparations debt from 6.6 billion to 4.2 billion

Made by Stresemann

Signed by America, Britain, France and Germany

Signed by Britain, France, Germany, Russia

Annual repayments were reduced to an affordable level

American banks would now invest in German industry. Stresemann assured allies they would be payed reparations.

Stresemann had already called off passive resistance in the Ruhr. France left

Industrial output doubled between 1923-28

Germany gave France the Rhineland back

Employment went up

American banks would buy housing and rent it

Stresemann stopped the printing of paper money and replaced all the old money with a new currency called a Rentenmark

One Rentenmark replaced 1000 marks

One Rentenmark replaced 100,000 marks

The Rentenmark was based on property values

The Rentenmark was based on iron reserves

In 1924 the Rentenmark was converted into the Reichmark, a new currency based on gold

In 1924, the Rentenmark was converted into the Reichmark, a new currency based on property values

It stopped hyperinflation. And other countries will now trade with Germany.