What shape are the vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebrae?
Circular
Heart
What are the laminae of thoracic vertebrae?
Bony part between transverse and spinous processes
Bony part between body and transverse processes
What are the pedicles of thoracic vertebrae?
Bony part between the transverse and spinous processes
Bony part between the body and transverse processes
How many articulations does each thoracic vertebra make?
5
6
8
10
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
1st rib
Scapula
Manubrium
C7 vertebra
Body of sternum
T1 vertebra
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
Xiphoid process
Rib XI & XII
Inferior margin of costal cartilages
Diaphragm
T12 Vertebra
Inferior border of lungs
What is the function of the costal groove in the typical ribs (II-X)?
Provides pathway for intercostal muscles
Protects the neurovascular bundle
Which part of a typical rib is the most common site of fracture?
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Body
What do the atypical ribs XI and XII lack?
Costal Groove
Our ribs lie obliquely across the thorax, have done since birth and will continue to do so into old age.
How many articulations does the manubrium of the sternum make?
2
4
How many articulations does the body of the sternum make?
12
The Xiphoid process has no articulations.
What are the origins and insertions of Pectoralis Major?
Coracoid process
Acromion
Medial half of clavicle
Costal cartilages 1-6
Ribs 3-6
Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
What are the attachments of the diaphragm?
Sternum
Inferior borders of ribs
Liver
Lumbar vertebrae
Median, Medial and Lateral Arcuate Ligaments
Anterior Intercostal Muscles
What innervates the diaphragm?
Diaphragmatic Nerve
Phrenic Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Lower Posterior and Anterior Intercostal Nerves
The Phrenic nerve has roots C3,4,5.
What passes through the diaphragm?
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Oesophagus
Trachea
Aorta
What are the attachments of serratus anterior?
Inferior border of Clavicle
Medial border of Scapula
Body of Sternum
Anterior surfaces of ribs 1-8/9
Costal grooves of ribs 1-8/9
What are the origins and insertions of latissimus dorsi?
Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5
Transverse processes of vertebrae T7-L5
Thoracolumbar fascia
Sacrum
Iliac crest
Inferior angle of scapula
Spine of scapula
Inferior 3/4 ribs
Intertubercular groove of humerus
In which direction do the fibres of the external intercostal muscles run?
// \\
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What do the external intercostal muscles do?
Aid inspiration
Aid expiration
The external intercostal muscles span the whole ribcage.
The internal intercostal muscles are used in normal expiration.
The innermost intercostal muscles are used only in forced expiration.
In which direction do the fibres of both the internal and innermost intercostal muscles run?
What structure passes between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?
The neurovascular bundle
Subcostal arteries
Ribs
Where would you find the internal intercostal muscles?
Laterally
Posterolaterally
Anterolaterally
Throughout whole ribcage
Where would you find the innermost intercostal muscles?
Throughout the whole ribcage
How many pairs of posterior intercostal arteries are there?
9
11
13
Where do the upper 2 posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Subclavian artery
Internal Thoracic Artery
Costocervical trunk
Common Carotid artery
Where do the lower 9 posterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Internal Thoracic artery
Thoracic Aorta
Musculophrenic artery
How many pairs of anterior intercostal arteries are there?
Where do the upper 6 pairs of anterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Where do the lower 3 pairs of anterior intercostal arteries arise from?
Superior Epigastric artery
The Internal Thoracic arteries are branches of the Thoracic Aorta.
What does the Internal Thoracic artery divide into?
Posterior intercostal arteries
From where do intercostal nerves arise?
Vagal plexus
Sympathetic chain
Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
Posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
What does the long thoracic nerve innervate?
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Anterior
Serratus Posterior Superior
Latissimus Dorsi
Where does the medial pectoral nerve arise from?
Intercostal nerves 2-5
Medial cord of brachial plexus
Median nerve
Lond thoracic nerve
What does the medial pectoral nerve supply?
Pectoralis Major AND Minor
Where does the lateral pectoral nerve arise from?
Lateral cord of brachial plexus
Long thoracic nerve
Intercostal nerves
What does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?
What are the secretory lobules of the breast?
Specialised sweat glands
Hormone-secreting cells
Milk-producing cells
What is contained in a breast?
Fat lobules
Breast bone
Suspensory ligaments
Secretory lobules
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinuses
Anterior intercostal arteries and veins
Nipple
What is a simple mammary gland?
One milk-secreting lobule
All lobules supplying one nipple
All lobules entering one duct
What is a complex mammary gland?
All milk-secreting lobules in the woman's body
All milk-secreting lobules supplying one nipple
All lobules supplying one lactiferous sinus
Which arteries supply the breast?
Medial and lateral mammary arteries
Long mammary artery
Anterior intercostal artery
Where does the medial mammary artery arise from?
Costocervical Trunk
Where does the lateral mammary artery arise from?
Axillary artery
Internal thoracic artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Where does blood from the breast drain into?
Axillary Vein
Basilic Vein
Cephalic Vein
Azygous Vein
Which nerves innervate the breast?
Anterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 4-6
Lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 4-6
Posterior cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves 4-6
Where does lymph from the breast drain to?
Thoracic duct
Pulmonary nodes
Axillary nodes
The Other Breast
Parasternal nodes
