The time a person takes to interpret a symptom as a sign of illness is called _____.
treatment delay
appraisal delay
illness delay
utilization delay
Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes, is an agonist for the ____ receptor.
acetylcholine
beta-endorphin
cortisol
dopamine
opioid
A main dietary contributor to atherosclerosis is _____.
salt
caffeine
cholesterol
monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Which of the following statements about outpatient services is TRUE?
Outpatient services have had no effect on nursing home admissions.
Technological advances have made outpatient services a possibility for more patients.
Their use has been declining in recent years.
Outpatient services are much more expensive than inpatient services due to their technologyintensive nature
Delirium tremens is a collection of symptoms that results when a person withdraws from _____.
opiates
alcohol
hallucinogens
benzodiazephines
Perhaps the most important medical benefit of a more patient-centered approach in doctor style is _____.
greater patient understanding
increased likelihood of healing
greater amount of diagnostic information
decreased appointment cancellations
Which sensory fibers are NOT involved in the transmission of nociceptive information?
A-beta (Aβ) fibers
A-delta (Aδ) fibers
C fibers
B & C
A, B & C
Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is currently thought to be _____.
a form of malingering
a real neurologically based condition
an example of hypochondriasis
a type of factitious disorder
Ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen are _____.
local anesthetics
exogenous prostaglandins
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
opioid-receptor agonists
serotonin-receptor agonists
Long term consequences of heavy drinking include all of the following health problems EXCEPT _____.
a. cancer of the liver
b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
c. cardiovascular disease
d. asthma
e. c & d
The body’s response to the intake of a psychoactive drug that takes the form of enhanced activity of drug-degrading enzymes in the liver is a mechanism underlying _____ to that drug.
a. psychological dependence
b. addiction liability
c. tolerance
d. sensitization
e. reverse tolerance
Which statement describes how stress can influence the experience of pain?
a. Stress can lead people to engage in behaviors, such as tensing their muscles, which, in turn, cause pain.
b. High levels of stress can cause people to stop taking care of themselves (e.g., they over-eat and exercise less).
c. Stress can lead directly to physiological problems, such as the dilation of arteries surrounding the brain and tension in the muscles in the head, neck and shoulders, which can lead to headaches.
d. a, b & c
Efforts aimed at convincing people to use seatbelts, wear condoms, and floss regularly are examples of _____.
a. primary prevention
b. secondary prevention
c. tertiary prevention
d. quaternary prevention
Neurotransmitters like _____ directly decrease the experience of pain; neurotransmitters like _____ directly increase the experience of pain.
a. substance P; norepinephrine
b. endorphin; encephalin
c. norepinephrine; dynorphin
d. enkephalin; substance P
According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.
a. self-efficacy
b. intention
c. social norms
d. perceived behavioral control
The intrinsic nociception system can be best described as _____.
a. unconnected to the intrinsic pain system
b. cyclical
c. ascending
d. descending
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
a. cardiac rehabilitation for someone who recently has had a heart attack
b. regular dental checkups for children with healthy teeth
c. going to the doctor when you have a sore throat
d. being in a monogamous sexual relationship
In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ & the _____.
a. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
b. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
d. conditioned response; unconditioned response
e. behavior; consequence
According to the textbook, which of the following would significantly increase health in diverse populations?
a. reducing poverty
b. creating information approaches to reach populations with low literacy rates
c. making health-promotion services culturally sensitive
The _____ is a specialized receptor that provides information about tissue damage.
a. nociceptor
b. somatosensory homunculus
c. substantia gelatinosa
d. C-afferent fiber
Which of the following drugs can be classified as a stimulant?
a. cocaine
b. caffeine
c. benzodiazepine
d. a & b
e. a, b & c
After trying several prescription painkillers without success, Kulap drinks coffee to lessen her migraine pain. She finds that it is surprisingly effective, and this fact greatly increases the likelihood that she will drink coffee in the future when she suffers from migraines. Here, drinking coffee to remove migraine pain has been _____.
a. negatively reinforced
b. negatively punished
c. positively reinforced
d. positively punished
What happens when leptin is released into the bloodstream?
a. hunger increases
b. hunger decreases
c. metastasis increases
d. metastasis decreases
The fact that pain relief produced by a placebo can be reversed by naloxone indicates that _____.
a. expectation can increase the activity of exogenous opioids
b. expectation can increase the activity of endogenous opioids
c. expectation can block the synthesis of prostaglandins
d. the placebo effect has no physiological basis
Which is TRUE of the blood-brain barrier?
a. It is a protective device for the blood.
b. It is a protective device for the brain.
c. It is formed by tight gap junctions between the endothelial cell walls of capillaries that serve the brain.
d. b & c
Hyperalgesia is a _____.
a. state of reduced sensitivity to pain
b. state of enhanced sensitivity to pain
c. somatoform disorder
d. factitious disorder
Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are given low nicotine cigarettes, they _____.
a. smoke about the same number of cigarettes as when smoking cigarettes with normal nicotine levels
b. smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake
c. smoke less because low tar cigarettes taste awful
d. are likely to stop smoking after a short period of time
Amenorrhea refers to _____.
a. body-image distortion
b. the cessation of normal menstrual cycling
c. extremely painful cramping during menstruation
d. the presence of more than two menstrual cycles per mont
e. extremely low body weight (< 85% of expected body weight)
Which of the following statements is true regarding sex differences in alcohol consumption?
a. Men drink more than women but only in adolescence.
b. Men drink more than women during adolescence but women drink more during adult life.
c. Men drink more than women throughout the lifespan.
d. Women drink more than men but only in adolescence
Morphine is to opioid receptor as _____ is to cannabinoid receptor.
a. alcohol
b. amphetamine
c. nicotine
d. THC
Research on sex and health has shown that women _____.
a. tend to get more exercise than men
b. use medical services less than men (excluding pregnancies)
c. tend to live longer than men
d. have fewer health problems than men
Pain is a _____; nociception is a _____.
a. sensation; perception
b. perception; sensation
c. sensation; sensation
d. perception; perception
The chief advantage of a health care system organized into specialties is
a. good patient-doctor communication
b. lower expense
c. patients receive the best expertise for each aspect of each medical problem
d. faster delivery of services
What brain structure contains the somatosensory homunculus (used in the perception of pain)?
a. periaqueductal gray matter
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebellum
d. thalamus
e. neocortex
Making believe one is ill to benefit from sick role behavior is known as _____.
a. hypochondriasis
b. malingering
c. chronic fatigue syndrome
d. pain conversion disorder
Which part of the stress response is associated directly with analgesia production?
a. noradrenaline release
b. adrenaline release
c. cortisol release
d. opioid release
Which of the following drugs acts directly to block the conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons that carry nociceptive information?
a. morphine & heroin
b. aspirin & acetaminophen
c. novocaine & lidocaine
d. antidepressants & tranquilizers
Which of the following health problems is associated with obesity?
a. certain types of cancer
b. hypertension
c. kidney disease
d. diabetes type II
e. a, b, c & d
Which is TRUE of individuals with bulimia nervosa?
a. They are emaciated & lack energy
b. They are picky eaters & seem to be on a diet at all times
c. At meals, they engage in obsessive behaviors such as counting the number of chews
d. Because they appear to have a normal appetite (in public) and maintain normal body weight, they are hard to identify
The process in which the body requires increasingly large doses of a drug to achieve the same effect is best described as _____.
a. sensitization
b. tolerance
c. withdrawal
d. dependence
e. addiction
Antabuse (i.e., disulfiram) is a(n) ______ used to treat alcohol abuse and dependence.
a. opioid-receptor agonist
b. opioid-receptor antagonist
c. anxiolytic
d. nausea-inducing drug
e. detoxification agent
Which method of pain reduction is a form of counter-irritation?
a. hypnosis
b. biofeedback
c. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
d. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Research on HMOs and conventional private practice health care has shown that _____.
a. patients using HMOs face major obstacles getting the treatment they need
b. private practice patients have more illnesses
c. private practice care is superior
d. HMOs provide superior care
Two people, one obese and the other normal weight, are at a dinner party where some very bad tasting food has just been served. According to the Internal-External Hypothesis, who is likely to eat more?
a. The obese person will eat more.
b. The normal weight person will eat more.
c. They will eat the same amount of food.
d. The Internal-External Hypothesis does not suggest an answer to this question.
The correlation between education level and cigarette smoking is _____.
a. non-linear
b. an inverted U-shaped function
c. positive (direct)
d. negative (inverse)
Iatrogenic conditions are _____.
a. congenital heart defects
b. somatoform disorder types
c. present only if practitioners make mistakes
d. health problems that result from medical treatment
In _____, a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates symptoms in another person who is under his or her care.
a. factitious disorder by proxy
b. hypochondriasis
d. malingering
Which is NOT a component of the health belief model?
a. punishment
b. susceptibility
c. severity
d. benefits
Hypochondriacs are people who tend to _____.
a. recognize real symptoms of illness
b. make up or feign bodily sensations
c. associate real but benign bodily sensations with illness
d. neglect to use the health care system
Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are frequently associated with _____.
a. chronic recurrent pain
b. chronic progressive pain
c. chronic intractable pain
d. chronic benign pain
Which of the following is true about fat cells?
a. Fat cell number increases mainly in childhood and adolescence.
b. Fat cell number can increase but not decrease
c. Fat cell number is related to the body's set point.
d. a, b, & c
The theory of pain proposed by Melzack & Wall is the _____ theory.
a. pattern
b. gate control
c. specificity
d. tension-reduction
What is the primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
a. self-induced vomiting
b. ingestion of non-nutrient substances
c. repeated episodes of binge eating
d. refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
Different patients describe symptoms for the same health problem differently because _____.
a. they differ in the attention they pay to internal states
b. they may emphasize a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
c. they may downplay a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) of the midbrain induces _____.
a. analgesia
b. hyperalgesia
c. pain
d. referred pain
Which age group is most likely to use health services?
a. the very young
b. the middle aged
c. the elderly
e. a & c
The BMIs of identical twins are much more similar than the BMIs of same-sex fraternal twins. This finding indicates a role for _____ in weight.
a. environment
b. genes
c. culturally determined eating habits
d. exercise level
e. age
Which of the following is an algogenic substance?
a. endorphin
b. Prozac
c. Valium
d. prostaglandin
e. ibuprofen
Simple sugars are to _____ as amino acids are to _____:
a. vitamins; minerals
b. carbohydrates; proteins
c. fats; vitamins
d. proteins; fiber
Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are similar in that they _____.
a. induce an up-regulation (i.e., increase the number) of norepinephrine receptors in the forebrain
b. change the re-uptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell
c. modify activity at a subtype of the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor
d. alter the enzymatic degradation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft
According to the World Health Association, cigarette smoking in _____ is more likely in men than in women.
a. Southeast Asia
b. Europe
c. Africa
Which of the following is way that psychoactive drugs can alter behavior by changing nervous system activity?
a. alter the synthesis of a neurotransmitter
b. alter the storage of a neurotransmitter
c. alter the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
d. alter the termination of a neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic effect
