PEDS final

What do ASD's result from?

When do most defects happen?

What is the most common ASD? %?

What is the second most common ASD? %?

What are the 2 anomalies associated with Ostium Primum?

What is the 3rd most common ASD? %?

What anomaly is associated with Sinus Venosus?

What are the 2 rare ASD's

This ASD is the result of the absence or near absence of the IAS.

The hemodynamic effect of an ASD depends on all of the following except...Compliance of ventricles...Response of pulmonary vascular bed to increase blood flow...Size and direction of shunt...Compliance of the atria.

What is the ideal view for visualizing an ASD? Why?

What is the formula to calculate the severity of an ASD/VSD?

What ratio is considered a large shunt?

In the QP/QS equation, what does the QP represent?

In the QP/QS equation, what does the QS represent?

What percent of the population have a foramen ovale that remains patent?

VSD's range in size from_____ to _____?

This type of VSD lies immediately below the PV outflow

This type of VSD is located inferior/posterior to the crista supraventricularis.

What is the ONLY supracristal defect? %?

The outlet septum has an increased incidence with what population?

What is the most common Infracristal VSD? %?

What is the 2nd most common Infracristal VSD? %?

What is the 3rd most common Infracristal VSD? %?

What is a common anomaloy with Inlet Septum?

I am a VSD that occurs when 2 portions of the IVS fail to align properly. What am I?

What are 2 associated defects with a malalignment septum?

Ideal view to visualize VSD's?

Endocardial Cushion Defect AKA

What 3 things make up a complete Endocardial Cushion Defect?

What 2 things are connected in the fetus by the Patent Ductus Arteriosis?

Functionally, when should the ductus arteriosis close?

Structurally, when should the ductus arteriosis close?

What is the ductus arteriosis called if it fails to close properly?

What does the ductus arteriosis become after birth.

What is the formula to calculate the ratio pf a PDA?

What is the term for when the truncoconal ridges fail to fuse?

What are the 4 types of PTA's? This is an extremely difficult question.

Describe type 1 PTA

Describe type 2 PTA

Describe type 3 PTA

Describe type 4 PTA

What % of congenital anomalies are from PTA's?

What is the most common anomaly of the heart?

What other heart abnormality is commonly associated with a Bicuspid AoV?

What % of the population have a Bicuspid AoV? Male to female ratio?

What age do the symptoms usually begin with a Bicuspid AoV?

What causes "blue baby" at birth?

What else is Aortic hypoplasia associated with?

What is an under-developed AoV called

In this abnormality, the L heart size is reduced due to restriction of LV In/Outflow

What size does the LV need to be to diagnose HLHS.

WHat is key for treatment of HLHS?

OB US can see HLHS problems at what point in fetal development?

What is administered at birth to maintain opening of PDA/PFO?

98% of aortic coarctations are located where?

What are the 3 types of aortic coarctations?

Preductal = ?

Juxtaductal = ?

Postductal =

What is the most common anomaly associated with an aortic coarctation?

What are the other 2 anomalies associated with aortic coarctation?

What % diameter reduction is considered severe in an aortic coarc?

When does MV stenosis mostly begin to occur?

MV Hypoplasia = ?

Mitral Atresia = ?

Parachute MV = ?

Tricuspi Atresia = ?

Pulmonary Atresia = ?

Imperforated TV = ?

Cor Triatriatum = ?

This anomaly is when short fused chordae attach to multiple small or normal pap muscles by a fibrous tissue band.

This anomaly is when a fibrous tissue bridge divides the MV in two.

What is a Cleft MV associated with?

What are the 3 types of PS?

This the the most common of PS.

This type PS is from RVOT stenosis.

This type of PS is stenosis of the main PA above the PV.

This is a rare congenital anomaly of the RV where the RV myocardium is absent or hypoplastic.

Uhl's Anomaly AKA's

Which leaflet is the most commonly affected leaflet in Ebstein's Anomaly?

What % of Ebstein's Anomaly are commonly associated with an ASD?

What is responsible for delivering oxygen/nutrients, removing waste, and oxygen/CO2 exchange?

What is the oxygen saturation of the returning blood?

At what age is the complete fusion of the foramen ovale usually complete?

At what age is total obliteration of the umbilical arteries usually complete?

At what age does closure of the umbilical veins and ductus venosus usually ocurr?

The RV accounts for how much of the total ventricular output?

What is THE most important doppler evaluation of the fetus?

To be able to evaluate pulmonary artery pressures, the patient must have one of the following circumstances. (3)

What equation is used to calculate pulmonary artery pressures?

What are 3 signs of increased pulmonary artery pressures?

Stage 1 begins around what day of gestation?

What are the 5 sections the cardiac tube is divided into?

Truncus Arteriosis becomes the_____ and the _____.

The Bulbus Cordis is comprised of what 2 things?

The Conus Cordis becomes the _____.

The Truncus Conus becomes the _____.

The Primitive Ventricle becomes the_____.

The Sinus Venosus becomes the______.

The Sinus Venosus also creates the_____.

What is the Eustachian valve responsible for?

At what day in gestation does stage 2 begin?

When does Dextro/D looping happen?

What is this process of Dextro/D Looping called?

How long does Dextro/D Looping take to finish?

At what day is stage 2 complete?

What also happens at the end of stage 2?

What is stage 3 called?

When does the Septation stage occur?

When does septation of the great vessels occur?

When are the AV and Semilunar valves formed?

What is normal heart placement called? Location?

What are the 3 abnormal heart placements called? Locations?

Which abnormal heart location(name) is more commonly associated with congenital heart defects?

This type of cardiac situs is considered "normal positioning" where the Descending Aorta, Stomach and LA are to the left, the IVC/Liver are on the right.

This type of cardiac situs is considered "inverted" where the heart/apex/stomach are on the right, the Liver is on the left.

What are the 2 syndromes associated with Situs Ambiguous?

Polysplenia/Asplenia...which one typically has more severe cardiac anomalies?

Polysplenia/Asplenia...which one is more likely to be associated with a congenital heart defect(99-100%).

Polysplenia/Asplenia...which one is L atrial isomersion/Bi-atrial L sidedness/Both atria have L atrial morphological features.

Polysplenia/Asplenia...which one is R atrial isomersion/Bi-atrial R sidedness/Both atria have R atrial morphological features

Polysplenia/Asplenia...which one has a 50% incidence of the cardiac apex rotated to the right?

What are the 2 types of ventricular looping?

Which ventricular looping has the RV on the left?

Which ventricular looping has the RV on the right?

What is normal great vessel relationship called.

What is abnormal great vessel relationship called? AoV position?

What are the normal atrioventricular/ventricular arterial connections called?

What are the abnormal atrioventricular/ventricular arterial connections called?

What MHz transducer do we use for scanning fetal/pediatric?

What 3 things detrermine which transducer we use?

What is the most common indication for doing a fetal echo?

What are 3 other indications to do a fetal echo?

A chromosomal abnormality such as ________ has a 40-50% increased risk of CHD?

A maternal condition such as a ________ has a 12-16% increased risk of CHD?

In a Apical 4 view of the fetal heart, what chamber is located closest to the spine? Nearest to anterior chest wall?

What is seen in the Long axis Aorta view.

What is seen in the Long axis/Pulmonary artery view?

What is seen in the Short axis/Ventricles view?

What is seen in the Short axis/Great Vessel view?

What is seen in the Aortic arch view?

What do we see in the Ductal arch view?

What do we see in the IVC/SVC view?

What MHx transducer for Neo-natal? Pediatric?

What is used to determine normal velocity ranges for different ages of children?

This is when both great arteries arise from the RV.

What are the 4 types of VSD's that can ocurr from the DORV?

The aorta is normally______ to the PA.

Aorta transposed would have the aorta to the_____ and_____ to the PA.

A child with a DORV but no PS will have_____ pulmonary blood flow and suffer from_____.

A child with a DORV and has PS/RVOT obstruction will have_____ pulmonary blood flow and be _____.

What is the best view to determine placement/size of a VSD and great vessel relationship?

What is the most common malformation in children born with cyanotic heart disease?

What 4 items are associated with ToF?

Treatment for ToF is surgery, but when do we do that?

What are the 2 types of transposition of the great vessels?

What is the most common form of great vessel transposition? %?

What causes great vessel transposition to happen?

If the great vessels are transposed, why is it such a big problem?

What may mask/hide the great vessel transposition abnormality during fetal development?

What must happen at birth to a baby with a known great vessel transposition abnormality?

What drug is administered to do that?

What % of transpositions are Levo-Looping

Levo-Looping = LV where? Connects to?

Levo-Looping = RV is where? Connects to?

What are the 3 kinds of coronary artery anomalies?

Do coronary artery fistulas occur often?

When they do occur what is the percentage occurence with the RCA? LCA? Both?

What are the most common connections/drainage sites for coronary fistulas in ORDER of FREQUENCY?

Where are most coronary fistulas discovered(test)?

What are the 2 types of venous malformations?

With anomalous pulmonary veins, what is happening?

2 ways anomalous pulmonary veins can present?

During development of the Sinus Venosus the left horn is obliterated. What is this known as?

This type of murmur is ASx in school age children and is NOT associated with any structural heart disease.

What % of children have this type of murmur at some point?

what are the 3 timings of murmurs?

Systolic murmur (Functional form), 3 kinds.

Systolic murmur (Pathological form), (5)

Diastolic murmur (Functional)

Diastolic murmur (Pathological)(3)

Continuous(Functional)

Continuous(Patological) (3)

When are the most significant defects found?

What are the 2 types of CHF?

Which one is more common in newborns?

Cardiac output Forward vs. Backward

CHF is characterized by what 3 things?

What is the leading cause of heart disease in children and young adults?

What valves are more commonly affected (in order of how they occur)?

This disease of the myocardium is not typically seen with any other form of heart disease.

2 types of cardiomyopathy in pediatrics.

What group of chemo drugs are the most damaging to the heart?

What are 2 common types of anthracyclines?

Systemic HTN is not common in children, but if they do have it, what is an example of another disease is it may be associated with?

What is most common to happen with Systemic HTN?

What is a common PHTN finding in children/young adults?

How much fluid must be surrounding the heart for a pericardial effusion to be diagnosed?

Is this common in fetal/pediatric?

With this disease, the echo can appear "pretty" because of the increase in fluid volume.

This is a reversal of the congenital shunt from L-R to R-L

This disease is acute vasculitis that occurs in children < 5 years old.

Vasculitis occurs within the first_____ days of the disease affecting the coronary arteries.

What are the S&S that patients usually present with in Kawasaki's disease?

Treatment for Kawasaki's disease?

To ease or reduce effect or intensity of a defect or disease.

Surgically connecting 2 structures

An acqueduct/channel one constructs surgically

Process of binding

Opening the orifice of a stenotic valve

Most ASD repairs are done within the first_____ years of life.

What is used to close larger ASD's?

What procedure is used to correct D-transposition of great vessels and DORV with PS?

Anastomizing the _____ to the _____ will reestablish flow in the D-K-S procedure.

What is used as a graft to reestablish pulmonary flow in the D-K-S procedure?

This procedure is used to correct D-Transposition

This procedure is used for tricuspid atresia and ToF.

The "classic" procedure attaches the _____ to the _____.

This procedure is used for Tetrology of Fallot.

What are the two types of aortic coarctation repair?

The two ends are sewn together in this aortic coarc repair for older children.

Subclavian artery is ligated and sewn over coarc creating a live tissue graft. Usually used in young children/Infants

This procedure is used for HLHS and D transposition.

This procedure is used for a PTA, DORV, and a D-transposition with VSD.

This procedure is used for hypoplasia of the aortic annulus or tunnel subaortic obstruction.

This procedure is used for D-transposition and DORV.

This is a procedure for alleviating MV stenosis.

This procedure is used for the complex repair of HLHS. There are _____ stages in this procedure.

OMG another procedure. This one is used for TV atresia, Single ventricle, and ToF.

The next few cards are all about what will turn into what.

Truncus Arteriosis becomes the...

Bulbis Cordis divides into the ...

Conus Cordis becomes the ...

Truncus Conus becomes the ...

Primitive Ventricle becomes the ...

Atrium become the ... she will never ask this question

Sinus Venosus becomes the ...

AV Canal becomes the ...

Cardiac septa develop forming the ...

Septum Primum divides the ...

Two large endocardial cushions fuse resulting in ...

Cushions grow and twist around each other forming ...

Septum divides Truncus Arteriosis into...

6 aortic arches develop from the ...

Cushions of conus cordis unite with aorticopulmonary septum and create the...