This course will be delivered using a modified type of ___
Problem Based Learning (PBL)
Team Based Learning (TBL)
Case Based Learning (CBL)
Flexible Based Learning (FBL)
There are ___ tRATs in this course. A tRAT is a ____
10; team Readiness Assurance Test
11; team Ready Answer Test
12; team Readiness Assurance Test
lots of; rodents
Which component of the course do students have to pass to pass this course?
Both peer evalutations
the total iRAT (quiz) scores
the team assignments
iRATs
the final exam
the 'test drive a diet' project in this course requires students to
attain a healthier weight
help someone else lose weight
try a scientific or environmental diet
help someone else eat a healthier diet
a processed food is defined as a food that
has more than 5 ingredients
requires heating or cooking before it can be eaten
has had preservatives added
has been treated or changed from its natural state
an essential nutrient is required for health
and can be manufactured in the body from other constituents
but should be consumed within a narrow range of amounts
and can be acquired by either ingestion or made in the body
of trolls or they will become nasty
and must be acquired via ingestion
a food contains 10 g each of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. How many kcal does it contain?
145 kcal
170 kcal
200 kcal
230 kcal
nutrient density refers to ________ ; ______ is a more nutrient dense food than _____.
the amount of energy per weight of a food; a potato, carrot
the amount of nutrients per energy in a food; broccoli, bread
the amount of nutrients per energy in a food; bread, kale
the amount of energy per volume of food; kale, rice
metabolic processes take place in the body to maintain a steady body temperature, heart rate, and blood glucose level. this stable state is called
homeostasis
an anabolic process
a catabolic process
metabolism
the instrument used to measure the energy in a food is a _____. contrary to the results from this test, people usually derive a lot more energy from _____ than from ________.
kjeldahl; protein, carb
kjeldahl; carb, protein
HPLC; carb, protein
bomb calorimeter; carb, protein
bomb calorimeter; protein, carb
if your daily intake of a vitamin dies not meet RDA
you necessarily have a poor diet
you are safe if you meet at least hafl the RDA
you may not be meeting your needs
this is of no consequences; the RDAs are designed for groups
which of he following values is the term used to described the average daily energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy adults?
EER
EAR
AI
UL
RDA
in Canada's Food Guide, how are dietary fats classified?
as part of the meat and alternatives group
as part as the grain products group
not as a food group, although recommendations are made for types and amounts
as an individual food group
for a 30-year old woman, Canada's Food Guide recommends _____ servings from the vegetables and fruit group each day
9-11
8-10
6-7
7-10
7-8
orange juice is an excellent source of vitamin C, a dietary antioxidant. which statement best describes this claim?
it is a combined nutrient content claim and therapeutic claim
it is a combined nutrient content and nutrient function claim
it is a combined nutrient content claim and a disease risk reduction claim
it is a nutrient function claim only
the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label is determined on the basis of
nutritional value
alphabetical order
contribution to total weight
contribution to total volume
the AMDR for carbohydrate ranges from
20-35%
10-35%
5-10%
45-65%
66.6-97.8%
Dr. Yoni Freedhoff wants Health Canada to change the recommendation in Canada's Food Guide that half of grain products eaten each day be whole grain, with a recommendation that only whole grains be consumed. What is the basis for the current recommendation?
white but not whole wheat flour is fortified with folate
guidelines were based on what people already eat
the grain producers' lobby advocated for that
there is to much fiber in 100% whole grains
see question 10 in RAT 2.
correct answer is E
answer is not D.
which process would be affected by a diseased gallbladder?
fat digestion
chyme formation
carbohydrate buffering
regulation of blood glucose levels
amino acid deamination
most fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the
vascular system
neurological system
adrenal system
lymphatic system
transit system
the sections of the small intestine, in proximal to distal order are:
duodenum, ileum, jujunum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
jejunum, ileum, duodenum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum
ileum, duodenum, jejunum, cecum
the stomach wall is protected from the acidity of the gastric juice by
the bacteria Helicobacter pylori
the hormone gastrin
the enzyme pepsin
Chief cells
a viscous mucus layer
what is it called when nutrients essential to life are provided directly into the bloodstream?
total parental nutrition
enteral feeding
tube-feeding
force feeding
gastric bypass
which of the following statements is true?
heartburn results from occasional reflux of gastric material through the pyloric sphincter
GERD results from occasional reflux of gastric material through the gastro-esophageal sphincter.
GERD results from chronic reflux of gastric material through the pyloric sphincter
heartburn results from an occasional reflux of gastric material through the gastro-esophageal sphincter
the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes and
bile
cholecystokinin (CCK)
chyme
bicarbonate ions
intrinsic factor
the most common cause of ulcers is
stress
eating fatty foods
the pain reliever Tylenol
spicy food
Helicobacter pylori infection
which of the following is NOT one of the main processes that allow nutrients to be absorbed from the GI tract into circulation?
passive diffusion
facilitated diffution
active diffusion
active transport
gastric lipase is an enzyme that is produced in the stomach to
stimulate CCK and intrinsic factor
to stimulate secretion of gastric juices
break down carbs
break down fats
break down protein
which one of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest?
grilled chicken breast, mashed potato made with milk, green beans, skim milk
cheeseburger, small soft drink, ice cream
tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea
rice krispies, skim milk, blueberries, coffee
squash soup with bread, coffee with soy milk and honey
Stella consumes 2400 kcal/day, with half of the kcal from carbohydrates. About how many grams of carbohydrate does she consume per day?
1200
4800
450
400
300
what is the composition of sucrose?
two molecules of glucose
two molecules of frucose
many molecules of glucose linked together
one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose
which of the following sequences represent a monosaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a polysaccharide?
fructose, sucrose, starch
glucose, maltose, lactose
galactose, glycogen, starch
lactose, glucose, dietary fibre
sucrose, lactose, glycogen
when carbohydrates are not available, the body goes through a processes called _____ to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate substances
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
glucogenolysis
ketosis
glycogen anabolism
when carbohydrates have not been consumed in a few hours, the body response by secreting ____ from the ____ to stimulate the breakdown of liver glycogen to increase blood glucose.
insulin, glycogen
glucagon, pancreas
insulin, pancreas
epinephrine, adrenal glands
____ is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and ____ is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants.
starch; glycogen
fiber; oligosaccharide
oligosaccharide; fibre
amylopectin; amylose
glycogen; starch
dietary fibre is categorized by
its ability or inability to dissolve in water
its molecular weight
the number of branch points
the ratio of carbon to hydrogen molecules
the helix shape of the molecule
which of the following statements is TRUE?
the rate of digestion and absorption of low-glycemic foods is slower then high-glycemic foods
foods that have a glycemic index of 70 or less compared to glucose are considered high-glycemic-index foods
the processing of a food has no effect on its glycemic index
high-fibre and low-glycemic-index foods have exactly the same physiological properties
lactose intolerance is caused by
excess production of the enzyme lactase
an allergic reaction to proteins found in milk and milk products
the inability to produce the hormone insulin
insufficient amylase in their small intestine
inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
a well-documented health problem(s) associated with excess sugar intake in children is
type 1 diabietes
dental caries
diventicular disease
hyperactivity
B and D
which of the following statements about indigestible carbohydrates is TRUE?
they are not broken down until they reach the colon
the contribute more kcal than simple carbohydrates
they are a good source of prebiotics for microflora in the GI tract
they are not part of a high-fibre diet
the daily value for dietary fibre is 25 g in a 2000 kcal diet. a slice of whole-wheat bread is 8% of the daily value. the slice of whole-wheat bread contains how much fibre?
2 g
4 g
8 g
16 h
which one of the following components is NOT part of an amino acid?
an amino group
a phosphate group
an acid group
an R group or side chain (functional group_
an alpha-carbon
server PEM in adults can result in _____ and be caused by _____
kwashiorkor; AIDS
diabetes; AIDS
kwashiorkor; alcoholsim
anorexia nervosa; alcoholism
marasmus; alcoholism
describe a complete dietary protein
it does NOT contain the element sulphur
it has been hydrolyzed so that digestion is not necessary
it provides essential AA in the proportion needed to support protein synthesis
it has a low biological value
what happens when a protein is heated? when the heat is removed, it CAN/CANNOT retuned to its original shape
transamination; can
deamination; can
denaturation; cannot
deamination; cannot
denaturation; can
what is the AA pool?
AA present in body tissues and fluids that are available for protein synthesis
AA which are soluble in bodily fluids
AA used by the body for energy
AA that the body cannot synthesize and must be supplied by the diet
which statement describes a situation with positive nitrogen balance?
an individual is wasting as a result of protein-energy malnutrition
an individual is growing
protein intake does not meet the body's protein requirements
total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days
what is the RDA for protein for typical, moderately active adults in their 20's?
0.5 g/kg body weight
0.8 g/kg body weight
1.5 g/kg body weight
0.5 g/day
0.8 g/day
what is a consequence of protein complementation?
all AA requirements are met
there is a decrease in biological value of a protein
AA requirements are more likely to be met in vegetarians
there is an increase in the nitrogen value of a protein
excretion of nitrogen in the urine increases
which AA are essential in the diet, but only under certain conditions?
conditionally essential AA
dispensable AA
polypeptides
dipeptides
branched chain
vegetarians have a lower risk of developing which medical condition?
diabetes mellitus
cardiovasuclar disease
high blood pressure
colorectal cancer
all the above are correct
what happens when excess energy is ingested?
it is excreted in the urine
it is converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue
it is converted into cholesterol and stored in adipose tissue
it is a metabolized by the muscles and stored as ATP
less of it is absorbed by the mucosal cells
which is a characteristic of chylomicrons?
they transport lipids from the epithelial cells of the villi to other body cells
the are absorbed into the lymphatic system
they are all the largest lipoproteins formed in the body
all of the above answer choices are correct
none of the above answer choices are correct
choose the incorrect statement
most of the fat in our body is stored in the form of triglycerides
sterols are lipids containing a single ring structure
phospholipids aid in transporting fats in our bloodstream
in the small intestines, plant sterols block dietary cholesterol absorption
trans fatty acids are most abundant in what food product today?
partially hydrogenated oils
meat
canola oil
tub margrine
milk
what allows fat and water to mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones?
emulsifiers
cis fatty acids
eicosanoids
trans fatty acids
micelles
arrange the following lipid-containing compounds from largest to smallest: (1)VLDL, (2) LDL, (3) HDL
2, 1, 3
1, 2, 3
2, 3, 1
3, 2, 1
1, 3, 2
from what are bile, vitamin D, and some hormones such as testosterone and estrogen derived?
essential fatty acids
phospholipids
cholesterol
which of the following statements is true about EPA and DHA?
they are long chain fatty acids with 3 and 4 double bonds, respectively
we can make enough of both EPA and DHA from ALA (alpha-linolenic acid)
they are both considered to be medium chain fatty acids
people with obesity can decrease the fat in their livers by supplementing with DHA and EPA
dietary DHA is correlated with lower HLD levels in the blood
RAT 6, question 9: picture of a lipid. know how to count the carbons properly; the upper (right) end is
a methyl group and is hydrophobic
is a carboxyl group and is hydrophilic
a methyl group and is hydrophilic
a carboxyl group and is hydrophobic
trans because the oxygens oppose each other
the above picture represents (RAT6, Q9):
an essential lipid; the double bond occurs before the ninth omega carbon
a non-essential lipid; the double bone occurs after the ninth omega carbon
a non-essential lipid; the double bond occurs before the ninth omega carbon
an essential lipid; the double bond occurs after the night omega carbon
what is the effect of a decrease in the ability of LDL receptors to bind to LDLs?
an increase of LDL loss in the urine
increased HDLs levels in the blood
an increased risk of atherosclerosis
increased chylomicrons levels in the blood
a factor that can result in increased body weight as people age is
a decrease in BMR
a decrease in food intake
an increase in exercise
an increase in BMR
what is the total energy content of an energy bar that contains 5 grams of fat, 30 grams of carbs, and 10 grams of protein?
195 kcal
205 kcal
210 kcal
255 kcal
286 kcal
which of the following methods divides body composition into three components?
the bod pod
underwater wighing
bioelectrical impedance
BMI
DXA
dietary fat has a lower metabolic cost than protein. what does this mean?
it requires more energy to oxidize or store dietary fat than protein
fat metabolism generates more toxic metabolic waste than protein
fat metabolism generates less toxic metabolic wastes than protein metabolism
high protein foods are more expensive than high fat foods to buy
it requires less energy to oxidize and store dietary fat than protein
resting energy expenditure (REE) involves all of the following body functions except:
digestion
breathing
growth and repair of tissue
snoring
____ % of adults in Nova Scotia is considered to be overweight or obese, which is (lower/higher/the same as_ the Canadian average
25-29, lower
33-40, the same as
51-55, the same as
51-55, higher
59-65, higher
for a typical, moderately-active young adult, rank the components of energy expenditure from greatest amount
REE, physical activity, thermic effect of food
REE, thermic effect of food, physical activity
thermic effect of food, physical activity, REE
physical activity, thermic effect of food, REE
physical activity, REE, thermic effect of food
an adult with a BMI of 22 would be considered to be
underweight
overweight
of healthy weight
obese
which statement best describes fat and car metabolism in the fasting state?
there is no carb metabolism in the fasting state; instead adipose tissue releases fatty acids and ketone bodies as sources of energy
muscle proteins and glycogen are converted to fatty acids; adipose tissue converts glycerol into glucose
muscle proteins and glycogen are converted to glucose; adipose tissue releases fatty acids into the blood.
muscle proteins are converted to glucose, while glycogen remains in the liver, unmetabolized. adipose tissue releases fatty acids.
which of the following behaviour results in lower food intake in North America?
keeping the thermostat lower in winter months
larger plates
playing video games while eating
less sleep
using chop sticks instead of a fork
some vitamins are lost in grain processing. which nutrient is removed during processing of flour and typically is NOT added during 'enrichment'?
vitamin B6
thiamin
folic acid
niacin
riboflavin
many B vitamins are essential for the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. they perform this function by binding to and promoting the activity of enzymes. in this role, B vitamins act as
provitamins
transport proteins
hormones
coenzymes
previtamins
which one of the following nutrients can be converted into niacin and prevent pellagra?
tryptophan
vitamin B12
homocysteine
scurvy is caused by
a lack of the proviamin for vitamin C
a protein-vitamin C deficiency
taking long cruises
a lack of sunshine
a lack of vitamin C
vitamin E would be most plentiful in which three types of food?
nuts, oils, and seeds
fruit, dairy, and vegetables
meat, fats, and fruit
milk, meat, and grains
which of the following is not a good source of vitamin B12?
oysters
beef liver
Wendy's bacon cheeseburger
lentils
which form of vitamin D comes from animal sources and is also made in our bodies?
D2 = cholecalciferol
D2 = ergocalciferol
D3 = Ergocalciferol
D3 = Cholecalciferol
an elevation in homocysteine has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. in clinical studies, which vitamins have been shown to decrease levels of homocysteine in the blood?
vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C
riboflavin, vitamin A, and folate
niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine
vitamin D, vitamin A, and vitamin B6
vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12
since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods, which enzyme is required for absorption?
amylase
pepsin
lactoase
the intake of ____ and _____ reduce the risk of macular degeneration
beta-carotene; lycopene
alpha-carotene; beta-cryptoxanthin
lycopene; alpha-carotene
lutein; zeaxanthin
why does long term use of antibiotics increase the risk of vitamin k deficiency?
antibiotics interfere directly with absorption of the vitamin
antibiotics prevent vitamin k from functioning properly
antibiotics change the bacterial flora in the gut, decreasing vitamin k production
antibiotics enhance the absorption of other vitamins which compete with vitamin k for absorption
which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium?
if dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline
if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrifice to maintain blood calcium
if dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is sacrificied to maintain bone calcium
blood levels of calcium are a good indiciator of of the calcium status of bone
the mineral MOST associated with wound healing is:
calcium
iron
cobalt
magnesium
zinc
which is NOT a major function of magnesium in the body?
maintenance of bones
cofactor for several hundred enzymes
blood clotting
division of growing cells
which statement about the processing of foods is TRUE?
processing destroys minerals
as the structure of foods is broken down, sodium is lost from processed foods
the processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium, and zinc
potassium is often added during food processing
spinach contains notable amounts of calcium and _____. the latter constituent ____ absorption of calcium
oxalate; decreases
phytate; increases
oxalate; increases
phytate; decreases
iron is a component of the protein, _____, which binds and transports oxygen in the blood stream
ferritin
hemoglobin
hematocrit
hemosiderin
transferrin
iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____ in the infant
diabetes
cretinism
fetal goiter syndrome
hypoglycemia
sickle cell disease
which food combination would yield more iron absorption?
peanut-butter on brown bread with glass of milk
bran cereal with fortified soy milk
vegetable beef soup with a tomato base
a high-fibre english muffin with cup of green tea
a spinach salad
what substance in whole grains and cereals can bind with minerals and render them unabsorbable?
phytate
cellulose
oxalate
amylopectin
too much fluoride in the body can cause
arthritis
diarrhea
hives and dermatitis
microcytic anemia
mottled teeth
the level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones; _____ lowers blood calcium and ____ raised blood calcium
parathyroid hormone (PTH); calcitonin
aldosterone; thyroid stimulating hormone
calcitonin; aldosterone
calcitonin; PTH
thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin
if a food contains 135 mg of sodium per serving, the company can claim on the food label that the food is
no claim can be made
reduced sodium
sodium-free
salt-free
low sodium
the primary role of water in urine is to
provide a medium for chemical reactions
detoxify
maintain acid-base balance
transport waste products out of the bonde
keep us from sitting too much
the DASH diet is high in
potassium, calcium, and magnesium while low to moderate in sodium
calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium
sodium while low in calcium, magnesium, and potassium
sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium
healthy resting blood pressure is defined as
120/80 mm of mercury or less
140/90 mm of mercury or less
160/100 mm of mercury or less
between 120/80 and 140/90
the current upper limit (UL) for sodium per day is the amount found in
1/2 teaspoon of salt
1 teaspoon of salt
2 teaspoons of salt
3 teaspoons of salt
exercise-associated hyponatremia occurs more often in
people who continue to exercise for several hours
people who consume too many sports drinks while exervising
people who over drink water while exercising
people who become dehydrated during prolonged exercise
both A and C are criteria
which of the following is NOT a tip for reducing sodium intake?
drink 8-10 glasses of water per day to dilute salt in diet
use food labels to select foods low in sodium
prepare meals from scratch to control the amount of salt added
cut down on the consumption of processed cheese
which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream?
antidiruretic hormone (ADH)
absorption hormone (AH)
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
which one of the following interactions is most likely to occur?
K will be attracted to the hydrogen side of the water molecule
Cl will be attracted to the oxygen side of the water molecule
Na will be attracted to the hydrogen side of the water molecule
both Na and K are attracted to the oxygen side of the water molecule
Na will be attracted to the oxygen side of the water molecule
Elmer has just consumed a large bowl of canned soup, which is very high in sodium. he is salt-sensitive. how will his body react, compared to someone who is not salt-sensitive?
Elmer will excrete sodium more readily and his blood vessels will dilate, causing his blood pressure to remain normal
Elmer will excrete sodium more slowly and his blood vessels will constrict, causing his blood pressure to rise
Elmer will excrete sodium more readily and his blood vessels will constrict, causing his blood pressure to rise
Elmer will excrete sodium at the same rate and his blood vessels will dilate, causing his blood pressure to remain normal
Shipwrecked! you drank ocean water and become dehydrated because
body fluids absorbed more water than usual from the gastrointestinal tract
the gastrointestinal tract absorbed more water from the body
