β lactam antibiotics

What did Pasteur and Joubert do in 1877?

Who discovered, partially refined and carried out successful testing on animals of a substance with antibiotic properties? (the substance was penicillin)

What did Alexander Fleming do in 1928?

Who isolated and demonstrated anti-staphylococcus activity in mice?

Who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin?

Who won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

What is a bacterium (brief outline).

Describe the bacterial cell wall

Explain what occurs during the cross-linking of two peptidoglycan strands.

Outline the enzymatic catalysis of peptidoglycan cross-linking.

There are many derivatives of penicillin. What do all penicillins share in common with regards to their structure?

Give the 3D structure of penicillin.

Why are β lactam antibiotics reactive?

Basic structure of β lactam antibiotices

How does penicillin inhibit glycopeptide transpeptidase?

What are the implications of β lactam antibiotics on the cell wall of bacteria?

Which type of bacteria is Penicillin G active against?

What are cephalosporins active against?

What is cephalosporin?

Structure of cephalosporin

Difference between cephalosporins and penicillins structure?

What is the main mechanism of resistance against β lactam antibiotics?

What are β lactamases?

How do β lactamases work to hydrolyse penicillin?

What is the effect of β lactamases on penicillins and cephalosporins?

What is a solution to resistance to β lactam antibiotics?

Outline the structure of clavulanic acid

What is clavulanic acid?

What is a tandem drug?