Behavioural Psychology

Visual analysis involves looking at the level, trend, and __________ of the data.

A common assumption in social science is that variability is ________ to the individual.

___________ are tentative statements for which further support is sought.

Behaviour analysis ___________ ‘off-the-shelf’ designs for particular research questions.

A ________ of behaviour describes a functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables.

Inductive approaches involve _____________________________ .

Dissimilarity of scores in an experimental condition is called _________.

When changes in behaviour result from the intervention are meaningful and useful, they are _____________.

A/an __________ is a brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from
conducting the experiment.

Beginning with a measure of an individual’s behaviour against which an independent variable is measured is
called ___________.

In his book The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Skinner described a science called the ______________.

______________ is antithetical to determinism, which specifies that behaviour is lawful.

Radical behaviourism does not ignore thoughts and feelings, but treats them like other operant behaviours and
calls them _________.

_____________ are circular arguments that do not help to explain behaviour.

The principle that conclusions drawn from scientific manipulation are tentative is that of ________________.

A behaviour analyst may use some _______________________.

_________________ refers to a variety of techniques designed to reduce the stimulation directly produced by a
response.

Allen et al. (2013) found that the presence of manic episode in a woman with schizoaffective disorder and an
intellectual disability made challenging behaviour sensitive to attention. This indicated that her challenging
behaviour was likely maintained by ____________.

Escape extinction is ___________ for behaviours maintained by social attention.

Holtyn et al. (2014) used negative reinforcement to increase drug abstinence by introducing a _______________ contingent on an employee producing a urine sample showing drug use.

A cumulative record shows the pattern of responding _______ sessions.

Under a fixed-time schedule, reinforcers are delivered __________ behaviour.

A ________ schedule is an example of a complex schedule of reinforcement.

The pattern of responding under a fixed-ratio schedule involves a post-reinforcement pause and a series of
reinforcers; a pattern which is called ______________.

A ratio schedule requires a specified number of ___________ since the last reinforcer for the next reinforcer to
be obtained.

Schedule thinning often involves moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an __________ schedule of reinforcement.

Sometimes, humans are less sensitive to schedules than animals because of instructional control. Instructional
control describes how _____________ interferes with the schedule.

One of the limitations of the research on schedules is that a large proportion of it has been conducted using ______________.

Grow et al. (2010) interspersed periods of staff availability with unavailability to put excessive social
behaviours of a man with intellectual disabilities under stimulus control. The two schedules (availability and
unavailability) were a multiple schedule because they ____________________.

Saunders et al. (2005) showed that showing their participants how pieces of paper they had to shred to earn
reinforcers under a fixed ratio schedule made the schedule more effective. This is an example of a ___________________.

Reinforcement available for responding outside of schedules in the matching law (Re) is called _______________.

In a concurrent schedule, two or more schedules are available at the same time, and they are ______________ .

Matching law analyses usually use ______ schedules as they produce a high, stable rate of responding.

_______________ response effort on an alternative will result in an increase in responding on that alternative.

In Herrnstein's (1971) matching law equation, B and R represent _____________________________________ respectively.

The allocation of responses to alternatives in a matching analysis is the _________ response ratio

Applied situations can often be analysed as ________________________.

The opportunity to choose is effective for increasing appropriate behaviour, however it is difficult to tell
whether this is because of the reinforcing effects of making a choice, or that making a choice provided
access to more reinforcing outcomes. This is called the _____________________________.

Borrero et al. (2007) showed that social interactions were aimed at people in a conversation based on how much
reinforcement they provided for interactions (i.e., matching). This finding could be used in a classroom by
providing a __________________ for children who call out too often and the opposite for children who do not
participate enough.

The opportunity to choose tasks, rather than being assigned tasks, might alter the value of escape (i.e.,
could be a / an __________________ for escape as a reinforcer).

Because it can be paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers, money is a _____________________.

If you add a response cost to a token economy, you are adding a _____________________.

______________________ involves using a tone as a conditioned reinforcer in recall ranching of fish.

In a token economy, it is important to clearly explain and arrange how conditioned reinforcers will be ______________________.

A person's _________________ can account for variations in the stimuli that will serve as conditioned
reinforcers or punishers for that person.

A potential mistake in setting up a token economy is to __________________.

Protopopova and Wynne (2015) found that the behaviour of dogs in a shelter could be improved to increase their
chances of adoption. Under a differential reinforcement of other behaviour schedule (DRO), reinforcers are
presented ____________________.

TAGTEACH, which involves a clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for human behaviour, is called __________________.

The difference between clicker training in animals and TAGTEACH is __________________________________________________________ .

A conditioned reinforcer is also called a _____________________.

When superstitious behaviour occurs because of something in the environment, it is a Type 2 superstition.
Behaviour is under superstitious ______________ control.

Skinner (1948) showed each pigeon in his study engaged in a dominant superstitious response when he delivered
reinforcers on a __ schedule of reinforcement.

Killeen (1978) showed that superstitious behaviour may not be a result of an inability to discriminate, but of _________ .

Adventitious reinforcement is when a reinforcer __________ a behaviour but is not caused by it

Superstitious behaviour drifts over time because small ______________ in the behaviour are reinforced and become
dominant

Rule-governed behaviour arises with instruction; it is ______________.

The law of effect is a _______________ ; it’s about things happening close together in time.

Supersitious behaviour is NOT _____________ .

Wager and Morris (1978) found that when a clown dispensed marbles on a fixed-time schedule, children developed
superstitious behaviour that was characteristic of scalloped responding under a _____________ schedule.

A behaviour analytic account of values is that ________________________ .

To facilitate generalisation to the real-world setting when teaching someone to order at McDonalds, you might
use a real McDonalds menu during training. This is called _______________ .

A prominent stimulus in the environment can be called _________ .

The occurrence of behaviour in untrained settings is ___________.

Untrained behaviours that are _______________ to the behaviour that was trained appear under response
generalisation.

Training can be said to be effective when behaviour comes under the control of ___________________________.

Discrimination is when different stimuli ________________________________.

A generalisation gradient shows how much responding occurs as a dimension of the _________________ varies (e.g., colour).

Lalli et al. (1998) found that the probability of self-injurious behaviour varied based on how close the
therapist stood to the child. They were able to plot a generalisation gradient and the discriminative stimulus
was __________________.

Guttman and Kalish (1956) showed that pigeons' responding to keys that were a slightly different colour to the
training key colour made a generalisation gradient. The shape of this gradient was ______________________________ .

When you make a generalisation gradient, you plot the ___________________________________ x- and y-axes, respectively.

The consequence of another person terminating an aversive task, interaction, or activity contingent on a
behaviour is ______________________.

Automatic reinforcement occurs when _____________________.

Indirect methods as also called ______________ because they involve gathering information from people in
the environment.

A _______________ involves manipulating antecedents or consequences to determine their effect on
behaviour.

In a functional analysis, function is indicated in the condition with the _________________.

Behaviour change as a result of a specific change in the environment as part of a procedure shows a _____________________.

Sharp et al. (2012) showed that liquid rescheduling was effective in decreasing rumination (repetitive
regurgitation and re-swallowing of food). Liquid rescheduling is ___________________.

Dozier et al. (2011) arranged their functional analysis conditions to reflect the ______________________
of a man's inappropriate sexual behaviour involving feet and shoes. This helped them identify antecedents.

Scratching a poison ivy rash is an example of _______________________ . A functionally-equivalent
response would be to put calamine lotion on it.

Tangible reinforcement is also called _______________.

Explaining animal behaviour in terms of human motives is _______________________.

Novel behaviours can arise from trial-and-error, stimulus generalisation, and _____________________.

A dog looking 'guilty' could be negatively reinforced because _______________________.

When Epstein's pigeons were placed in the problem solving situation there was ________________________________________.

Keeping the Russian anti-tank dogs hungry created _____________________________.

Performing novel behaviours in a situation that you've never been in before to produce certain consequences is __________.

The purpose of conducting a preference assessment for dogs such as in Vicars et al. (2014) is to identify
stimuli that might serve as ____________________.

Vicars et al. (2014) used a paired stimulus preference assessment for dogs. This involved presenting pairs of
stimuli from which the dogs could choose, an approach based on _____________________.

Martin et al. (2011) conducted a functional analysis on a chimpanzee's faeces throwing behaviour. They found
that the chimpanzee was engaging in this behaviour ____________________________.

Improving the quality of life of animals in captivity would NOT include ________________________to manage
difficult behaviour.

Criminal profiling is a process by which evidence (particularly that found at a crime scene) is analysed to
determine ______________ offender characteristics.

Kocsis, Hayes, and Irwin (2002) found the _______________ was not a factor in the accuracy of profiling.

______________ assumes that offenders engaging in similar behaviours will display similar characteristics.

Ferguson (2013) suggested that there are only five relevant offender characteristics in a profile - motive,
special skills or knowledge of methods and materials, relationship to the victim, __________________ and criminal skill or forensic awareness.

One of the challenges is behaviour analysis of criminal behaviour is that often, the behaviours are _________.

A challenge in teaching incarcerated offenders new behaviours whilst they are in prison is ______________.

Being sent to prison after committing a crime could be a ___________________.

Committing crimes can be on _______________ schedule of reinforcement – sometimes you don’t get caught

Schnelle et al. (1978) found that adding a helicopter decreased burglaries and the cash benefits outweighed
the cost of the helicopter. The helicopter was most likely a ___________________________.

Bassett and Blanchard (1977) found that the number of behaviours punished and the frequency of punishment
increased when a prison token economy was unsupervised. This could have been because implementing punishment
was a _____________ for the behaviour of the guards running the token economy.

You have been asked to assess and change a child’s disruptive behaviour at school. The teacher reports that he engages in the behaviour most during maths class. When is the best time to observe?

The research approach that looks at generating theories from carefully collected data is called...

Which of the following is accurate from the perspective of behaviour analysis?

Behaviour analysts look for causes of psychological behaviour in the...

Behaviour can be defined as...

Which of the following is a principle?

The use of visual analysis requires which of the following assumptions?

The experimental analysis of behaviour as defined by Skinner, involves:

The dimension of applied behaviour analysis ‘generality’ refers to...

How are reinforcement and bribery different?

Removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour is....

Motivating operations...

A schedule is defined as...

Which of the following schedules are intermittent?

How do behaviour analysts measure choice?

Which of the following ALL affect matching?

Choice...

In the matching law, what does Re represent?

Choice responding to an alternative can be measured by...

What is the ‘take home message’ of the matching law in regards to explaining choice?

Timmy’s teacher sets up a token economy to teach him to participate during carpet time. She puts a sticker on his chart every time he puts his hand up to answer a question. At the end of the day she tells him how many stickers he achieved. Identify the problem with this system

A token economy should always be introduced on a __ schedule and then changed to a ___ schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following is NOT a mistake when implementing a token economy?

Select the correct answer. Target training during animal husbandry…

When should you not use shaping?

What is the cause of superstitious behaviour?

Culture is transmitted...

When good events occurs, we tend to attribute the cause to ________ and when negative events occur, we tend to attribute the cause to _______.

An S∆ signals

Find the correct answer. In the original Epstein (1984) paper…

What is generalisation?

Interventions based on the ______________ of behaviour are more likely to be effective.

What is the principle of parsimony?