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Visual analysis involves looking at the level, trend, and __________ of the data.
Generality
Variability
Mean
Mode
A common assumption in social science is that variability is ________ to the individual.
Intrinsic
Uncontrollable
Extrinsic
Covert
___________ are tentative statements for which further support is sought.
Theories
Hypotheses
Hypothetico-deductions
ABA
Behaviour analysis ___________ ‘off-the-shelf’ designs for particular research questions.
Does not have
Uses
Deductively uses
Sparingly uses
A ________ of behaviour describes a functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables.
Tactic
Theory
Principle
Hypothesis
Inductive approaches involve _____________________________ .
giving prominence to hypothesis testing
giving prominence to theory rather than data
giving prominence to data rather than theory
giving prominence to experimental behaviour analysis
Dissimilarity of scores in an experimental condition is called _________.
Trend
Stability
A non-parametric test
When changes in behaviour result from the intervention are meaningful and useful, they are _____________.
reliable and significant
statistically significant
clinically significant
measuring what they are supposed to
A/an __________ is a brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from conducting the experiment.
induction
hypothesis
experimental question
abstract
Beginning with a measure of an individual’s behaviour against which an independent variable is measured is called ___________.
establishing a baseline
developing a hypothesis
measuring trend
measuring variability
In his book The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Skinner described a science called the ______________.
experimental analysis
applied analysis
behavioural analysis
ABA reversal design
______________ is antithetical to determinism, which specifies that behaviour is lawful.
Accidentalism
Empiricism
Mentalism
Materialism
Radical behaviourism does not ignore thoughts and feelings, but treats them like other operant behaviours and calls them _________.
emotive behaviours
private events
private occurrences
emotive feelings
_____________ are circular arguments that do not help to explain behaviour.
Parsimonious fictions
Fictitious explanations
Explanatory fictions
Facts
The principle that conclusions drawn from scientific manipulation are tentative is that of ________________.
philosophic doubt
scientific doubt
empiricism
subjective opinion
A behaviour analyst may use some _______________________.
discrete trial teaching as the main approach.
discrete trial teaching, but only for children with autism.
discrete trial teaching.
biased opinion
_________________ refers to a variety of techniques designed to reduce the stimulation directly produced by a response.
Planned ignoring
Sensory extinction
Escape extinction
Shaping
Allen et al. (2013) found that the presence of manic episode in a woman with schizoaffective disorder and an intellectual disability made challenging behaviour sensitive to attention. This indicated that her challenging behaviour was likely maintained by ____________.
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative punishment
Escape extinction is ___________ for behaviours maintained by social attention.
irrelevent
recommended
contraindicated
highly recommended
Holtyn et al. (2014) used negative reinforcement to increase drug abstinence by introducing a _______________ contingent on an employee producing a urine sample showing drug use.
token econonomy
base pay reset
pay rise
sectioning
A cumulative record shows the pattern of responding _______ sessions.
across
within
outside
dependent on
Under a fixed-time schedule, reinforcers are delivered __________ behaviour.
Irrespective of
contingent on
after a
before a
A ________ schedule is an example of a complex schedule of reinforcement.
Variable interval
Feedback
tandem
Fixed ratio
The pattern of responding under a fixed-ratio schedule involves a post-reinforcement pause and a series of reinforcers; a pattern which is called ______________.
Pause-and-respond
scallop
break-and-run
time-out
A ratio schedule requires a specified number of ___________ since the last reinforcer for the next reinforcer to be obtained.
stimuli
seconds
reponses
minutes
Schedule thinning often involves moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an __________ schedule of reinforcement.
intermittent
indirect
independent
complex
Sometimes, humans are less sensitive to schedules than animals because of instructional control. Instructional control describes how _____________ interferes with the schedule.
verbal behaviour
stimulus control
motivating operations
copulation
One of the limitations of the research on schedules is that a large proportion of it has been conducted using ______________.
Grow et al. (2010) interspersed periods of staff availability with unavailability to put excessive social behaviours of a man with intellectual disabilities under stimulus control. The two schedules (availability and unavailability) were a multiple schedule because they ____________________.
were simultaneous and had discriminative stimuli
were successive and had discriminative stimuli
were simultaneous and had no discriminative stimuli
involved reinforcement
Saunders et al. (2005) showed that showing their participants how pieces of paper they had to shred to earn reinforcers under a fixed ratio schedule made the schedule more effective. This is an example of a ___________________.
Post-reinforcement pause
Fixed time schedule
discriminative stimulus
punishment
Reinforcement available for responding outside of schedules in the matching law (Re) is called _______________.
Externalising reinforcement
Extraneous reinforcement
Experimental reinforcement
Equal reinforcement
In a concurrent schedule, two or more schedules are available at the same time, and they are ______________ .
dependent
interdependent
intradependent
Matching law analyses usually use ______ schedules as they produce a high, stable rate of responding.
VR
VI
FI
FR
_______________ response effort on an alternative will result in an increase in responding on that alternative.
Decreasing
Increasing
Not changing
Maximising
In Herrnstein's (1971) matching law equation, B and R represent _____________________________________ respectively.
behaviour emitted and reinforcers obtained
behaviour emitted and reinforcers available
behaviour obtained and reinforcers available
behaviour obtained and reinforcers obtained
The allocation of responses to alternatives in a matching analysis is the _________ response ratio
absolute
relative
reverse
Applied situations can often be analysed as ________________________.
concurrent reinforcement schedules
nonconcurrent reinforcement schedules
mixed reinforcement schedules
Stimulus control
The opportunity to choose is effective for increasing appropriate behaviour, however it is difficult to tell whether this is because of the reinforcing effects of making a choice, or that making a choice provided access to more reinforcing outcomes. This is called the _____________________________.
choosing effect
reinforcing effect
differential outcomes effect
individual differences
Borrero et al. (2007) showed that social interactions were aimed at people in a conversation based on how much reinforcement they provided for interactions (i.e., matching). This finding could be used in a classroom by providing a __________________ for children who call out too often and the opposite for children who do not participate enough.
denser schedule
leaner schedule
concurrent schedule
a more compacted schedule
The opportunity to choose tasks, rather than being assigned tasks, might alter the value of escape (i.e., could be a / an __________________ for escape as a reinforcer).
establishing operations
abolishing operation
motivating operation
Because it can be paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers, money is a _____________________.
generalised unconditioned reinforcer
primary reinforcer
generalised conditioned reinforcer
token economy
If you add a response cost to a token economy, you are adding a _____________________.
Negative punisher
Negative reinforcer
Positive reinforcer
Positive punisher
______________________ involves using a tone as a conditioned reinforcer in recall ranching of fish.
Implementing a token economy
Temporal discrimination
Acoustic conditioning
Acoustic encoding
In a token economy, it is important to clearly explain and arrange how conditioned reinforcers will be ______________________.
exchanged
changed
unconditioned
conditioned
A person's _________________ can account for variations in the stimuli that will serve as conditioned reinforcers or punishers for that person.
personality
learning history
motivation
discriminative stimuli
A potential mistake in setting up a token economy is to __________________.
stop the person bargaining with you
thin the schedule
define behaviours poorly
make the schedule denser
Protopopova and Wynne (2015) found that the behaviour of dogs in a shelter could be improved to increase their chances of adoption. Under a differential reinforcement of other behaviour schedule (DRO), reinforcers are presented ____________________.
at fixed times but only if the undesirable behaviour is not occurring
contingent on desirable behaviour
contingent on undesirable behaviour
regardless of their behaviour (FI)
TAGTEACH, which involves a clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for human behaviour, is called __________________.
teaching with unconditioned reinforcement
teaching with acoustical guidance
conditioned teaching
teaching by playing tag
The difference between clicker training in animals and TAGTEACH is __________________________________________________________ .
there is no explicit pairing of the sound with a primary reinforcer in TAGTEACH
there is no backup reinforcer in TAGTEACH
clicker training in animals is more effective
TAGTEACH uses a token economy whereby clicker training does not
A conditioned reinforcer is also called a _____________________.
pairing reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
Token Economy
When superstitious behaviour occurs because of something in the environment, it is a Type 2 superstition. Behaviour is under superstitious ______________ control.
causal
discriminitive
reinforcer
correlation
Skinner (1948) showed each pigeon in his study engaged in a dominant superstitious response when he delivered reinforcers on a __ schedule of reinforcement.
FT
Killeen (1978) showed that superstitious behaviour may not be a result of an inability to discriminate, but of _________ .
chance
bias
contingency shaping
fixed schedules
Adventitious reinforcement is when a reinforcer __________ a behaviour but is not caused by it
precedes
occurs simultaneously with
follows
motivates
Superstitious behaviour drifts over time because small ______________ in the behaviour are reinforced and become dominant
consistencies
variations
motivations
contingencies
Rule-governed behaviour arises with instruction; it is ______________.
shaped
affected by contingencies
not shaped
chained
The law of effect is a _______________ ; it’s about things happening close together in time.
temporal law
temperate law
discriminative law
fixed ratio schedule
Supersitious behaviour is NOT _____________ .
Difficult to produce
persistent
Behaviour that drifts over time
in fact, real
Wager and Morris (1978) found that when a clown dispensed marbles on a fixed-time schedule, children developed superstitious behaviour that was characteristic of scalloped responding under a _____________ schedule.
Fixed-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-ratio
Variable-interval
A behaviour analytic account of values is that ________________________ .
Values don’t exist
Values are unconditioned
we learn to call some things good and some things bad
Values that exist
To facilitate generalisation to the real-world setting when teaching someone to order at McDonalds, you might use a real McDonalds menu during training. This is called _______________ .
multiple exemplar training
discrimination training
incorporating common stimuli
naturally-occuring stimuli
A prominent stimulus in the environment can be called _________ .
salient
generalisable
discrete
Insignificant
The occurrence of behaviour in untrained settings is ___________.
generalisation
discrimination
salience
Untrained behaviours that are _______________ to the behaviour that was trained appear under response generalisation.
functionally irrelevant
functionally equivalent
topographically equivalent
naturally-occurring stimuli
Training can be said to be effective when behaviour comes under the control of ___________________________.
discriminated operants
prompts
Discrimination is when different stimuli ________________________________.
evoke the same response
do not evoke the same response
evokes a prompt
prevents the same response
A generalisation gradient shows how much responding occurs as a dimension of the _________________ varies (e.g., colour).
behaviour
Lalli et al. (1998) found that the probability of self-injurious behaviour varied based on how close the therapist stood to the child. They were able to plot a generalisation gradient and the discriminative stimulus was __________________.
the child
the therapist
attention
the classroom
Guttman and Kalish (1956) showed that pigeons' responding to keys that were a slightly different colour to the training key colour made a generalisation gradient. The shape of this gradient was ______________________________ .
a peak in the middle at the training key colour, with fewer and fewer responses the further away the colour was from the training colour.
more responding to shades of yellow, with no peak
a dip in responses at the training colour, with more responding to other colours
a bell-curve
When you make a generalisation gradient, you plot the ___________________________________ x- and y-axes, respectively.
dimension of the discriminative stimulus and number of responses
number of responses and dimension of the discriminative stimulus
number of responses and reinforcers
data points
The consequence of another person terminating an aversive task, interaction, or activity contingent on a behaviour is ______________________.
Social positive reinforcement
Social negative reinforcement
Social negative punishment
Social positive punishment
Automatic reinforcement occurs when _____________________.
behaviour is followed by a conditioned reinforcer
behaviour is followed by praise
behaviour provides stimulation
contingencies are met
Indirect methods as also called ______________ because they involve gathering information from people in the environment.
direct observation
descriptive methods
informant methods
covert attention
A _______________ involves manipulating antecedents or consequences to determine their effect on behaviour.
functional analysis
scatterplot
simple regression
In a functional analysis, function is indicated in the condition with the _________________.
the lowest rate of responding
the highest rate of responding
an average rate of responding
generalisation of the behaviour
Behaviour change as a result of a specific change in the environment as part of a procedure shows a _____________________.
topography of behaviour
functional relation
purposeful behaviour
generalised behaviour
Sharp et al. (2012) showed that liquid rescheduling was effective in decreasing rumination (repetitive regurgitation and re-swallowing of food). Liquid rescheduling is ___________________.
An antecedent intervention
An intervention for behaviours maintained by escape
A reinforcer
A punisher (Frank Castle)
Dozier et al. (2011) arranged their functional analysis conditions to reflect the ______________________ of a man's inappropriate sexual behaviour involving feet and shoes. This helped them identify antecedents.
Reinforcers
relevant stimulus conditions
extinction conditions
punishers
Scratching a poison ivy rash is an example of _______________________ . A functionally-equivalent response would be to put calamine lotion on it.
Automatic negative reinforcement
Automatic positive reinforcement
Tangible reinforcement is also called _______________.
escape
social positive reinforcement
automatic positive reinforcement
automatic negative reinforcement
Explaining animal behaviour in terms of human motives is _______________________.
problem solving
functional equivalence
an anthropomorphism
preposterous
Novel behaviours can arise from trial-and-error, stimulus generalisation, and _____________________.
imitation
response generalisation
shaping
A dog looking 'guilty' could be negatively reinforced because _______________________.
it results in being petted
it results in the scolding stopping
it results in being forgiven
the dog actually feels guilty
When Epstein's pigeons were placed in the problem solving situation there was ________________________________________.
imitation of previous responses
shaping of behaviour
an initial conflict between responses
great cognitions within the pigeons
Keeping the Russian anti-tank dogs hungry created _____________________________.
a motivating operation
a discriminative stimulus
Performing novel behaviours in a situation that you've never been in before to produce certain consequences is __________.
trial and error
anthropomorphising
looking like a fool
The purpose of conducting a preference assessment for dogs such as in Vicars et al. (2014) is to identify stimuli that might serve as ____________________.
reinforcers
abolishing operations
Vicars et al. (2014) used a paired stimulus preference assessment for dogs. This involved presenting pairs of stimuli from which the dogs could choose, an approach based on _____________________.
Supersitious behaviour
the matching law
previous research
Martin et al. (2011) conducted a functional analysis on a chimpanzee's faeces throwing behaviour. They found that the chimpanzee was engaging in this behaviour ____________________________.
Because it was angry
Because it was being punished
Because it received reinforcers for doing so
because it wanted to be a major league baseball player
Improving the quality of life of animals in captivity would NOT include ________________________to manage difficult behaviour.
Environmental enrichment
implementing function-based interventions
Forcing compliance
forcing conformity
Criminal profiling is a process by which evidence (particularly that found at a crime scene) is analysed to determine ______________ offender characteristics.
probable
with certainty
deep
Kocsis, Hayes, and Irwin (2002) found the _______________ was not a factor in the accuracy of profiling.
gender
age
experience
genetics
______________ assumes that offenders engaging in similar behaviours will display similar characteristics.
Homology
Behaviourism
Hetrology
Ferguson (2013) suggested that there are only five relevant offender characteristics in a profile - motive, special skills or knowledge of methods and materials, relationship to the victim, __________________ and criminal skill or forensic awareness.
knowledge of the crime scene or location
history of abuse
drunk and disorderly
One of the challenges is behaviour analysis of criminal behaviour is that often, the behaviours are _________.
not measurable
internal
covert
overt
A challenge in teaching incarcerated offenders new behaviours whilst they are in prison is ______________.
They don’t want to change
generalisation to outside settings
there is no evidence that it works
extensively researched and completely effective
Being sent to prison after committing a crime could be a ___________________.
Delayed punisher
Punisher with good temporal contiguity
Discriminative stimulus for crime
an ineffective means of teaching someone a lesson. Bring back public execution! :D
Committing crimes can be on _______________ schedule of reinforcement – sometimes you don’t get caught
a continuous
no
fixed interval
Schnelle et al. (1978) found that adding a helicopter decreased burglaries and the cash benefits outweighed the cost of the helicopter. The helicopter was most likely a ___________________________.
discriminative stimulus for a punisher (being caught)
punisher
Bassett and Blanchard (1977) found that the number of behaviours punished and the frequency of punishment increased when a prison token economy was unsupervised. This could have been because implementing punishment was a _____________ for the behaviour of the guards running the token economy.
jeez why did i even start this quiz 100 QUESTIONS!!!?? you're having a laugh mate...
You have been asked to assess and change a child’s disruptive behaviour at school. The teacher reports that he engages in the behaviour most during maths class. When is the best time to observe?
During maths lessons.
During all lessons.
At home.
During school and at home.
The research approach that looks at generating theories from carefully collected data is called...
behaviour analysis.
deduction.
induction.
the scientific method.
Which of the following is accurate from the perspective of behaviour analysis?
Positive means additive and negative means subtractive.
Positive means good and negative means bad.
Positive means in the desired direction and negative means contrary to the desired direction
Positive means reinforcing and negative means punishing
Behaviour analysts look for causes of psychological behaviour in the...
mind.
behaver’s repertoire.
DSM.
environment
Behaviour can be defined as...
anything a person does.
the interaction of an organism in an environment.
thoughts and feelings.
all of the answers
Which of the following is a principle?
Reinforcement
Chaining
Discrimination training
The use of visual analysis requires which of the following assumptions?
That the data are accurate.
That all variables (other than the independent variable) were held consistent across phases
That the baseline comes first followed by intervention.
The data is accurate, and the variables are consistent
The experimental analysis of behaviour as defined by Skinner, involves:
Mentalisms
Hypothetical constructs
A focus on the environment
A focus on the cognitions
The dimension of applied behaviour analysis ‘generality’ refers to...
Behaviour change being meaningful
Behaviour change persisting across time
Behaviour change persisting across time and across settings
Behaviour change methods are described in detail
How are reinforcement and bribery different?
Bribery doesn’t work
Reinforcement doesn’t work
Bribery precedes behaviour and benefits the briber, reinforcement follows behaviour and is intended to benefit the learner
Reinforcement follows behaviour and benefits the person reinforcing the behaviour, bribery precedes a behaviour and benefits the briber
Removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour is....
Punishment
Ignoring
Extinction but is never ignoring
Extinction and can be ignoring
Motivating operations...
Permanently change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
Momentarily change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
Deprivation
The value of a punisher
A schedule is defined as...
A rule that describes a contingency.
A type of reinforcer specific to that individual
A visual system used to help children with autism manage transitions
Reinforcing every instance of behaviour.
Which of the following schedules are intermittent?
variable interval and fixed interval
CRF
variable ratio and fixed ratio
VI, VR, FI, FR
How do behaviour analysts measure choice?
Using Maslow’s theory of motivation
Using concurrent schedules of reinforcement
Using consecutive schedules of reinforcement
D. None of the answers, behaviour analysts do not believe choice exists
Which of the following ALL affect matching?
Magnitude, delay, punishment, quality, and response effort
Force, punishment, reinforcement, stimulus control, and motivation.
Response effort, delay, time of day, individual differences, and inter-response time.
Cumulative responses, aversive control, timing, quantity, and qualitative choice.
Choice...
is only determined by an individual’s genetic history
can be used as a antecedent manipulation
can be used as a consequence
can be used as both a consequence, and an antecedent manipulation
In the matching law, what does Re represent?
Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs outside of what we are measuring
External reinforcement: outside the person
External responses: what we can measure
Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs within complex schedules
Choice responding to an alternative can be measured by...
The number of responses only
The discriminative stimulus
The number of responses or time allocated
The value of the schedule
What is the ‘take home message’ of the matching law in regards to explaining choice?
Discriminative stimuli shape choices
Responses match reinforcers
Choice cannot be measured
Preference is more important than choice
Timmy’s teacher sets up a token economy to teach him to participate during carpet time. She puts a sticker on his chart every time he puts his hand up to answer a question. At the end of the day she tells him how many stickers he achieved. Identify the problem with this system
Timmy should only get a sticker if he answered the question correctly
Stickers should never be used as tokens
There is no backup reinforcer
The teacher should not tell Timmy how many stickers he earned.
A token economy should always be introduced on a __ schedule and then changed to a ___ schedule of reinforcement
CRF, denser
CRF, thinner
Thin, CRF
Thin, denser
Which of the following is NOT a mistake when implementing a token economy?
Negotiating the backup reinforcer part way through
Maintaining a CRF schedule
Not exchanging the token economy for a backup reinforcer
Changing the backup reinforcer to something more reinforcing
Select the correct answer. Target training during animal husbandry…
Punishes the animal for incorrect responses
Is only useful for primates and exotic animals
Increases animal interactions with humans
Decreases animal interactions with humans
When should you not use shaping?
To teach a new behaviour
When you can tell or show someone how to engage in the target behaviour.
To increase a previously-engaged in behaviour.
D. To teach verbal behaviour.
What is the cause of superstitious behaviour?
Supernatural forces
Concurrent schedules
Complex schedules
Adventitious reinforcement
Culture is transmitted...
Through verbal behaviour alone
Through rule-governed behaviour, contingency-shaped behaviour and imitation
Only though contingency-shaped behaviour
Genetically
When good events occurs, we tend to attribute the cause to ________ and when negative events occur, we tend to attribute the cause to _______.
Ourselves, ourselves.
The environment, ourselves
Ourselves, the environment
The environment, the environment
An S∆ signals
The learner will get reinforcement for choosing the triangle
Reinforcement is available
This is a discriminate stimulus
Extinction
Find the correct answer. In the original Epstein (1984) paper…
Other pigeons trained only in one of the prerequisite skills could not solve the problem
Jumping to peck at the banana was extinguished
The box being under the banana was an SD for standing on it to peck
All of the answers
What is generalisation?
The occurrence of behaviour in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some way to the SD present during training
an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour in the presence of a stimulus or setting as a result of being reinforced in the presence of a different stimulus or setting
When a behaviour is influenced by reinforcement
none of the answers
Interventions based on the ______________ of behaviour are more likely to be effective.
topography
function
superstition
What is the principle of parsimony?
All simple logical explanations should be ruled out experimentally before more complex explanations are considered.
Should always go for the most complex explanation, as that is more scientific
Simple explanations are usually wrong
Should rule out foolish explanations