The field of immunology expanded along with the development of vaccines. The first widely used vaccine was against the human disease smallpox and was developed from the
vaccinia virus
variola virus
monkeypox virus
chickenpox virus
The person who coined the term ‘chemotherapy’ and was the first to focus research efforts on the development of drugs to treat infectious disease was
Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur
Paul Ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
A “magic bullet” drug to stop HIV replication might be
inhibition of nucleic synthesis by Rifamycin
inhibition of reverse transcriptase by Lamivudine
inhibition of protein synthesis by Streptomycin
inhibition of microtubule function by Mebendazole
What type of dendritic cell releases CCL 19 and 21 attracting B cells to the lymph nodes?
Dendrite
APC Dendritic
Follicular Dendritic
Which complement pathway(s) result in complement fixation?
Alternative
Lectin
Classical
All (alternative, lectin, classical)
A cell that has a differentiated Heavy (mew) chain and has not yet undergone light chain rearrangement is known as?
Pro-B cell
Pre-B cell
Mature B cell
Immature B cell
Neutrophils secrete many cytokines.
Innate immunity is required for adaptive immunity to occur.
Which of the following is not a granulocyte?
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
A ‘magic bullet’ drug to control an infection with Candida albicans (thrush) or Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) might target which of the following?
Ergosterol
70S ribosomes
Peptidoglycan
Your 1st defense against infection is
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Skin and mucosal membranes
Lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT a phagocyte?
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Natural Killer cell
I am a cell that plays an important role: -in innate immunity -as an antigen presenting cell -in the initiation of adaptive immunity I am a:
An example of a primary lymphoid organ is:
Spleen
Appendix
Thymus
Peyer’s patch
The success of vaccination relies on development of a good memory response. Immunological memory develops during the __________ immune response and results in higher antibody titers in the __________ response:
Innate, primary
Innate, secondary
Adaptive, primary
Adaptive, secondary
What is an immediate (first) complement response of our innate immune system to bacterial infection?
Classical pathway
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway
Garden pathway
Which complement pathway is activated by antibody?
All of the above
Complement activation results in:
Increased opsonization
Increased inflammatory response
Formation of a membrane attack complex
Cells which are most important in immune surveillance for tumor cells are:
TH1 and TH2 cells
TH2 and B cells
TH1 and B cells
NK and CD8 T cells
A tumor occurring in a lymph node would be called:
Leukemia
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Carcinoma
The Ames test allows detection of:
Carcinogens
Mutagens
Tumors
Proto-oncogenes
If an autoantibody is made against a cell-surface antigen, the autoimmune disease is considered a:
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Autoimmune diseases can be described as:
Over-reaction of the human systems to harmless environmental antigens.
Under reaction of the immune system to harmless environmental antigens.
Gain of tolerance to self-antigens.
Loss of tolerance to self-antigens.
An example of a minor histocompatibility complex antigen is:
XSCID
H-Y
HVGD
H-DR
If one wants to minimize the chance of GVHD following a hematopoietic cell transplants, one could administer the cytotoxic drug:
Rapamycin
Tacrolimus
Methotrexate
Prednisone
The main tissues affected by GVHD are:
Skin, liver and GI tract
Kidney, liver and heart
Skin, kidney and liver
Hair, kidney and skin
_____ transplants do not require extensive HLA matching, but _____ transplants do.
Cornea, liver
Heart, cornea
Liver, bone marrow
Bone marrow, cornea
A drug that inhibits IL-2 production is:
Azathioprine
In dengue infection cross-reactive memory T cells recovered exhibited a higher affinity to variant epitopes representing serotypes of previous exposure – a phenomenon called:
Antibody-dependent enhancement
ADCC
Original antigenic sin
Immune complexes
Inflammatory cytokine _____ levels have been shown to be higher in DHF than in DF suggesting a role in vascular plasma leakage.
IFN-gamma, IL-2
TNF-alpha, IL-1
IL-10, IL-2
IL-6, IL-4
The genome of dengue virus is _____ and contains _____ genes.
11 kb; 10
15 kb; 20
20 kb; 30
25 kb; 40
Currently DHF and DSS represent _____ of total hospitalized dengue cases.
1-25%
10-50%
2.5-40%
5-220%
Dengue virus is a:
Filovirus
Flavivirus
Herpes virus
Rhinovirus
Anaphylatoxins produced by activated complement include:
C4b and C2a
C3b and C4a
C3a and C5a
C2b and C3a
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies can affect the target cell by:
Inhibition of calcineurin and induction of apoptosis
Inhibit JAK 3 and induction of apoptosis
Block or down regulate surface molecules and induction of apoptosis
Disrupt DNA replication
When a graft is considered to have stable function, treatment is modified from:
Xenobiotics to biological
Biologicals to maintenance
Induction to maintenance
Xenobiotics to induction
Based on data presented by Andrew Read, the regimen for malaria treatment determined by the WHO actually:
Decreases competition by sensitive organisms allowing an increase in resistant organisms in an individual
Increase the number of resistant transmission-state organisms
Increases transmission of resistant organisms