Strain theory is said to reflect which of the following “perspectives” on the relationship between crime and social structure?
Culturally prescribed aspirations perspective.
Consensus perspective.
Conflict perspective.
Opportunity structures perspective.
Which of the following perspectives on the relationship between crime and social structure focuses on the inherent divisions of societies based on social inequality and the way these social diversions give rise to different and competing interests?
Anomie.
Strain theory.
What did Durkheim argue would decrease in advanced societies, causing crime and deviance to increase?
Stable communities.
Legitimate opportunity.
Social solidarity.
Relative deprivation.
Which of the following is a concept developed by Émile Durkheim to describe an absence of clear societal norms and values?
Strain.
Cultural conflict.
Which of the following thinkers believed that crime is the result of the gap between culturally prescribed aspirations and the socially structured means of realizing those aspirations?
Merton.
Durkheim.
Sutherland.
Lombroso.
Which of the following theories proposes that people turn to deviance when they are exposed to cultural goals they are unable to obtain?
Differential association theory.
Social Learning theory.
Control theory.
Which of the following terms posits a rejection of the notion that aspirations are entirely self–created – rather, are defined by society?
Reaction formation.
Social structure.
Culturally prescribed aspirations.
Middle–class measuring rod.
Which of the following illustrates the condition known as micro–anomie?
An individual places more emphasis on other people’s values than his or her own.
An individual places less emphasis on self–interest than on collective values.
An individual places equal emphasis on self–interest and collective values.
An individual places more emphasis on self–interest than on collective values.
For Bernard, societies experience a high rate of crime when cultural factors produce strain within society. Which of the following cultural factors is the main cause of strain?
An emphasis on the pursuit of wealth.
Blocked opportunities.
Rapid social change.
Racial discrimination.
According to Chapter 10, crime occurs when one institution becomes more dominant than all others in a society. Which of the following is that dominant institution?
The economy.
The family.
The neighbourhood.
Religion.
What did Cloward and Ohlin stress was an essential link between strain and criminal behaviour?
The middle–class measuring rod.
Opportunity structures.
The code of the street.
According to Chapter 10, young people undergoing strain may become involved in one of three different subcultures. What subculture is drug use most likely to be found in?
A retreatist subculture.
A criminal subculture.
A conflict subculture.
A transitional subculture.
Which of the following is the strongest criticism of strain theory?
It only applies to North America.
It does not explain women’s lower crime rates.
It neglects differing illegitimate opportunities.
It focuses only on the lower class.
Braithwaite argues that crime is most likely when exposure to illegitimate opportunities is high and exposure to legitimate opportunities is low. Based on this argument, which of the following initiatives would not help reduce crime in a low–income neighbourhood?
A reduction in the number of guns available locally.
Job creation for young people.
An increase in community beautification projects.
An increase in the number of sports programs locally.
Braithwaite contends that greater economic equality and a greater distribution of influence among people would help lower the crime rate. Which of the following is the specific focus of his recommendation?
Crimes committed by corporations.
Crimes committed by lower–class people.
Crimes committed by upper–class people.
Crimes committed by politicians.
According to cultural conflict theory, what causes social conflict and potential criminalization of the cultural practices of subordinate groups?
Religious strife.
Differences in conduct norms.
Class conflict.
Thorsten Sellin presented a criminological theory arguing that modern society is composed of various and diverse cultural groups, each maintaining its own distinct cultural rules. What are these rules known as?
Conduct norms.
Consensus.
Values.
Which of the following theorists was the first to argue that crime occurs due to conflict between diverse and competing “interest” groups?
George Vold.
Thorsten Sellin.
Karl Marx.
Richard Quinney.
According to the textbook, which of the following best explains the broad theoretical context to help understand honour killings in Canada?
Cultural conflict theory.
Left realism.
Marxist theories.
Group conflict theories.
Which of the following emerged as a response to the failure of cultural conflict theorists to offer a full account of societal conflict and the role that conflict plays in the creation and enforcement of social rules?
Instrumental Marxism.
Structural Marxism.
Group conflict theory.
Radical feminism.
In which of the following broad categories can Marxist theories of crime be placed?
Psychological perspective.
Biological perspective.
In Marxist theory, which of the following is the base of society upon which superstructural institutions are built?
The social sphere.
The legal sphere.
The political sphere.
The economic sphere.
With which of the following schools of thought do we associate the argument that criminal law and its enforcement act directly to uphold a dominant capitalist class?
Instrumentalist Marxism.
What is criminology influenced by instrumental Marxism likely to claim?
Laws are shaped to respond to the biological make–up of the offender.
Criminal law is enacted and upheld to ultimately support the dominant mode of production.
Law reflects cultural agreement.
State authorities are more impartial than private authorities.
Which of the following groups of theorists views conflict as rooted in the very structure of capitalist society, and especially capitalist economic relations?
Instrumental Marxist theorists.
Left realist theorists.
Group conflict theorists.
Cultural conflict theorists.
Which of the following groups criticized instrumental Marxist theories as being too deterministic in assuming that the state is the direct servant of the ruling class?
Structural Marxist theorists.
Neoliberals.
Which of the following contends that laws and law enforcement are not directed by the capitalist class but serve the general long–term purpose of legitimating and upholding existing class relations?
In the structural Marxist perspective, what is the term used to indicate that the state has a certain amount of independence from the capitalist class and is therefore able to enact laws that are not in the immediate interests of the capitalist class?
Instrumental behaviour.
Relative autonomy.
Class fractioning.
False consciousness.
Which of the following focuses on how law and order issues are defined by the state in ways that disadvantage lower–class and other socially marginalized groups?
Left idealism.
Which of the following is not one of the elements of the “square of crime” as conceptualized by the left realists?
The offender.
The victim.
The police.
The bystander.
Which of the following best describes one of the goals of contemporary critical criminology?
Understand gender– and class–based conflicts that give rise to crime and criminal law.
Understand the cultural effects on crime in Canada.
Transform society through promises of justice.
Study laws that reflect cultural agreement.
According to Foucault, which of the following encompasses a wide array of techniques, within and outside the state, intended to (re)shape and (re)direct human actions?
Surveillance.
Power.
Governmentality.
Discipline.
What term does Foucault use to refer to small and mundane relations of governance that still have an appreciable effect on human behaviour?
Micro–powers.
For Foucault, which of the following constitutes the direct or indirect observation of conduct that is geared towards producing a desired outcome?
Duress.
Who coined the term “Risk Society?”
Beck.
Foucault.
Agamben.
Bourdieu.
Which of the following terms refers to statistical calculation of risk across time and groups?
Actuarialism.
Risk.
Which of the following best describes cultural criminology?
Cultural criminology views crime as a culturally negotiated phenomenon.
Cultural criminology views crime as a legal construct.
Cultural Criminology explores the effects of societal shifts towards increased security and punitive penalties.
Cultural criminology views all crime as a consequence of economic inequality.
According to cultural criminologists, what is the term for the methodological requirement that researchers immerse themselves in environments where crime occurs in the everyday world in order to better understand the ways in which crime is experienced and interpreted by individuals?
Dangerous knowledge.
Ethnography.
Habitus.
Attentive gaze.
What are cultural criminologists engaging in when they turn to novels to reveal alternative perspectives that may shake up our taken–for–granted assumptions about crime?
Actuarial risk.
According to the field theory of criminology, what is the term applied to a student who has a large vocabulary and is able to use this vocabulary competently to gain advantage in school?
Smart.
What is the term used in the field theory of criminology to refer to ways in which an urban ghetto is marked by a stigma that automatically devalues its residents due their association with this neighbourhood?
Negative symbolic capital.
Negative social capital.
Risk Society.
Which of the following best describes Bourdieu’s “field theory”?
It revives the ethnographic tradition in criminology and directs it towards crime as a living experience.
It alerts critical criminologists to the many forms of power that are amassed in society and the role they play in the domination over and definition of criminalized classes.
It provides critical criminologists with a tool for evaluating what is hidden or unspoken in criminal justice practices.
It deconstructs the language used by criminal justice professionals.
What term does Agamben use to refer to a state of being unprotected by laws and rights?
Deconstruction.
Naked life.
Normlessness.
De facto sovereignty.
Maher Arar's arrest as a suspected terrorist and his subsequent torture illustrate the dangers of which of the following?
Broken windows policing.
Sovereignty.
Which of the following best describes the deconstructionist approach advocated by Derrida?
It alerts critical criminologists to the many forms of power that are amassed and the role they play in the domination over and definition of criminalized classes.
It provides critical criminologists with a tool for identifying and assessing what is hidden or unspoken in language and jargon associated with the criminal justice system and crime control generally.
It describes how risk and actuarialism are prevalent in contemporary criminal justice practices and how this relates to the notion of the “risk society.”
