Which of the following is a core focus of interactionist theories of crime?
How a person’s lifestyle changes their behaviour and creates deviant behaviour.
The deviant interchanges people have with one another, and the meanings of these interchanges in the present, past, and future.
The early stages of deviance.
The study of how rules are applied to some people and not to others.
What is the term used when someone is identified as criminal by public authorities?
Symbolic interactionism.
Labelling.
Strain.
Primary deviation.
Whether in a criminal organization or a legitimate occupation, what is the term for the passage of an individual through recognized stages in one or more related identities?
Status.
Social structure.
Career.
Status ladder.
Which of the following is most representative of the concept of the deviant career?
Drift.
Differential association theory.
Strain theory.
Primary and secondary deviation.
A mother with a full–time job as a university professor and a social network made up of other professors occasionally shoplifts clothing for her children. In the context of deviant careers, what is she an example of?
Secondary deviation.
Differential association.
Which of the following is most closely associated with the concept of primary deviation?
An individual does not accept the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity, but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.
An individual does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.
An individual commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self–identity as a deviant.
An individual accepts the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.
An individual who illegally downloads music and buys counterfeit DVDs rationalizes his illegal activities with the excuse that entertainment companies make excessive profits. Which of the following best exemplifies his rationalization?
Moral rhetoric.
Amoral rhetoric.
Instrumental rhetoric.
Few young people have a strong value commitment to deviant norms and identities. Instead they transition in and out of deviance. David Matza calls this process:
Professional Deviance
A criminal career.
What is the term for someone who is engaged in outlawing certain vices?
An advocate.
An empirical entrepreneur.
A moral entrepreneur.
An agent of social control.
Which of the following does the term moral entrepreneur encompass?
Neither rule creators nor rule enforcers.
Rule creators but not rule enforcers.
Rule creators and rule enforcers.
Rule enforcers but not rule creators.
What is a person or group that demands new criminal laws or stricter enforcement of existing laws called?
A criminal law entrepreneur.
A moral inventor.
A morality player.
What is the termed used when society considers someone’s criminality as their defining characteristic?
Secondary deviance.
Master status.
Deviant career.
Primary deviance.
When does secondary deviation occur?
When an individual does not accept the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity, but conforms to a deviant lifestyle.
When an individual does not commit deviant acts but is viewed by authorities to have done so.
When an individual commits deviant acts but does not adopt a primary self–identity as a deviant.
When an individual accepts the label of deviant, resulting in the adoption of a deviant self–identity that confirms the deviant lifestyle.
What is the term applied to an unintended event or situation that affects a person’s extent of involvement in crime?
Career contingency.
Freudian slip.
Negotiation.
What is the term used to describe what offenders have when they do not think they have an acceptable alternate lifestyle other than criminal activity?
Stigma.
Deviant identity.
Continuance commitment.
People learn how to engage in crime, and this learning comes about through interaction with others who have already learned criminal ways. Which of the following theories is this statement associated with?
Class conflict.
Relative depravation.
Anomie.
Which of the following is most closely associated with the interactionist perspective?
Moral development.
Instrumentalist Marxism.
Operant conditioning.
Which of the following is the principal neo–Marxist critique of interactionist theory?
It lacks strong systematic quantitative support.
It fails to indicate how people make sense of their social world.
It ignores how the conventional world identifies and classifies deviants and deviant acts.
It fails to account for historical and contemporary political and economic interests.
Which of the following assumptions are most relevant to social control theory?
Most people do not become criminals because they do not want to jeopardize their bonds to conventional society.
Most people become criminal because of the pressures placed on them in society.
All people commit crimes, just some are caught and others get away with it.
Most people do not care about their bonds to conventional society but act the way they do because of genetic and biological factors.
Which of the following claims would a social control theorist make?
People commit criminal acts as a function of relatively stable personality traits.
Crime is the result of inherited traits that predispose an individual to behave in ways conducive to crime.
People become criminals through their association with offenders.
All people are motivated to commit crimes.
Which of the following is not true with respect to Thrasher’s theories of gangs?
Gangs predominate in areas where social controls are weak.
Gangs are not necessarily delinquent; however, delinquency often is the natural result of the activities of youth in areas with weak social controls.
Gangs predominant in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods.
Gangs predominate in the suburbs, despite strong social controls there.
Which of the following best represents the causes of crime, according to Shaw and McKay’s ecological analysis?
Deviance will be highest in disorganized communities that lack social controls.
Lack of ties to the conventional order will increase the likelihood of association with deviant peers.
There are four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Personal controls, particularly those provided by the family, are extremely important.
Whom did Nye consider the most significant group in fostering social controls of young people?
The family.
Peers.
The school.
The police.
Based on the early work of Hirschi, which of the following social bonds is related to the degree to which an individual has affective ties to others?
Belief.
Attachment.
Commitment.
Involvement.
According to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “general theory of crime,” why do some people lack self–control?
Poor or weak childhood socialization.
Strong unconventional bonds.
Which of the following best represents Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime?
Individuals with high self–control have a greater propensity to commit crimes when they have the opportunity to do so.
Individuals with low self–control have a greater propensity to commit crimes when they have the opportunity to do so.
Everyone is born with built–in self–control propensities that create strong social bonds with society.
Individuals with low self–esteem have a greater propensity to commit crimes when the opportunity presents itself.
This institution affects delinquency in part because it has taken over many of the occupational socialization functions formerly performed by the family. Which institution is this?
The community.
Religion.
The state.
According to research, which of the following best represents the correlation between an individual’s religious involvement and criminal behaviour?
There is a negative correlation.
There is no correlation.
There is a positive relationship in communities with high religious involvement but no relationship in other communities.
There is a negative correlation in communities with high religious involvement but no relationship in other communities.
Which of the following is not a valid criticism of control theory?
It does not adequately account for the motivation to deviate.
It has received relatively little empirical support.
It is too conservative.
It is too individualistic.
Why is control theory often thought to be too conservative?
It fails to acknowledge the biological component of behaviour.
It fails to adequately deal with individual psychology.
It fails to consider the plight of the less advantaged in society.
It fails to acknowledge the structural factors in societies that help produce crime.
Patterson concluded that key aspects of parental supervision and discipline involved all of the following except one. Which is the exception?
Recognizing deviant behaviour when it occurs.
Providing a reasoned rationale for punishment.
Monitoring the child’s behaviour.
Punishing deviant behaviour.
All of the following are true about the role of the family in promoting self–control and preventing delinquency except one. Which one is the exception?
Punitive discipline in the family reduces delinquency.
Programs have been introduced to successfully help parents establish bonds with children to foster their internal controls.
Supervision of children correlates with low levels of delinquency.
Children who have strong bonds to their parents and family are less likely to have low self–control.
Which of the following does not differentiate good and bad schools in helping children function academically and behaviourally?
How much students are allowed to participate in decision–making.
Standards set by the school.
The degree of concentration of intellectually and socially disadvantaged children.
The overall school budget per student.
The Classical School of Criminology is considered an important forerunner of what theory of crime?
Social control theories.
Critical theories.
Interactionist theories.
Deterrence theories.
Long periods of incarceration are partly premised on what theory of crime?
Group conflict theories.
Routine activity theories.
Which of the following statements is true with respect to mandatory minimum sentences?
There is sufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects, but only for non– violent offenders.
There is insufficient research to conclude whether mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
There is sufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
There is insufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory penalties have significant deterrent effects.
Which of the following is not true with respect to mandatory minimum sentencing?
They are a fundamental part of California's “three strikes” laws.
They have contributed to the massive increase in California's prison population.
They are a cornerstone of the federal Conservative government’s “tough on crime” agenda.
They are widely used in the United States, but not in Canada.
Which of the following statements is true with respect to the deterrence effect of increasing
Little research has been conducted into techniques that increase the certainty of punishment.
There are few techniques available to increase the certainty of punishment.
A large body of research does not support the deterrent effect of increasing certainty.
A large body of research supports the deterrent effect of increasing certainty.
Which of the following theories incorporates research on how offenders make decisions to commit or not commit crime in a particular time and place?
Interactionist theory.
Group conflict theory.
Rational choice theory.
Psychological theories of crime.
What school of criminology argues that criminal offenders are more likely to commit their offences along the paths they travel in the course of their daily activities?
Ecological criminology.
Interactionist criminology.
Routine activity criminology.
Environmental criminology.
Which of the following is best associated with the idea that young people who like to hang out in the evenings are more likely to be victims than are those who go to organized activities or remain at home to study?
Deterrence theory.
Lifestyle exposure theory.
Which of the following is not a component of Cohen and Felson’s routine activities approach?
Suitable target.
Lack of effective guardianship.
Motivated offenders.
Police availability.
Which of the following is an example of effective guardianship?
Having a cellphone ready to dial 911.
Having a security system.
Keeping less money at home.
Providing recreational facilities in the community.
Which of the following theories has been criticized for not taking into account expressive crimes that involve emotional motivation?
Classical and neo–classical theories.
Anomie and strain theories.
Rational choice and routine activities.
Cultural conflict and group conflict.
Which of the following is an example of situational crime prevention?
Putting a lock on the door of a home.
Providing longer sentences for offenders.
Providing counselling for youth at high risk of becoming offenders.
Providing a recreational area for children living in an impoverished neighbourhood.
Into which of Ronald Clarke’s categories of situational crime prevention techniques does posting a “shoplifting is stealing” sign fit?
Reduce the rewards.
Remove excuses.
Increase the effort.
Increase the risks.
Which of the following is one way to prevent crime by focusing on motivated offenders?
Creating jobs for young men in impoverished communities.
Which of the following is not a component of what the textbook calls a comprehensive crime prevention strategy that involves situational and developmental approaches?
Emphasize deterrence–based strategies such as mandatory minimum sentencing.
Draw upon programs that have been shown to be effective in other places.
Cooperate among different levels of government and other agencies.
Target areas where they are most needed.
