Sociology, Mass Media 4.2-Ownership and Control of the Media

According to Bagdikian (2004), how many corporations owned most media in 2014? This demonstrates a concentration of media ownership.

Who found a similar concentration of ownership in the newspaper industry? In 2015, 7 individuals were dominant over the industry, such as Murdock with NewsCorp, owning the Times, The Sun and the Sun on Sunday; while the Telegraph group is owned by the Barclay brothers.

What word does this describe?

Cross-media ownership-bigger companies owning a range of media types, such as NewsCorp owning newspapers, the publisher HarperCollins, Fox TV and Asian satellite channel Star TV.

As an example of concentration of ownership in the broadcast media, how many commercial TV franchises does ITV plc own? Access is general controlled by Sky who have the largest share of the market, of which Murdock has the majority share.

What word does this describe?
Tries to control all levels of media production, such as Time Warner making films and distributing them to their own cinemas, while NewsCorp owns tv and film studios and the channels that show them, giving them greater economic control.

Who said we need to study ownership and control, because of the importance of diverse and pluralistic media to ensure provision for all viewpoints-if concentration occurs, there is danger of abuse of power and influence by elites going unnoticed and democracy suffering.

Which of these channels is a public service broadcaster?

Which instrumental Marxist argued that the mass media was an ideological instrument, playing a role in the reproduction and justification of class inequality? They do this by transmitting conservative/conformist ideology-role is to convince the public that the ruling class ideology is truth. Owners shape and manipulate how people think about world, i.e. the public rarely being informed as to why people live in poverty, while representations of wealth are generally positive.

Which instrumental Marxists argued that the representation of ethnic minorties tended to portray them as criminals, migrants and extremists, in order to divide and rule the working class? This was on the basis that white working class people seeing minorities as a threat suits the capitalist class, since it distracts them from the real cause of inequality. Members therefore receive a narrow range of 'approved' views, so other points of view are rarely heard or considered extremist.

The Frankfurt School used which term to refer to media output being mostly entertainment based, in order to distract the population from real problems and keep them happy and ignorant?

Why will the media transmit ruling class values?

Which instrumental Marxist suggeted that governments are not interested in controlling media owners, because the class interests of owners and the political elite overlap. This means that papers owned by a conglomerate can directly support/not criticise the goverment in return for a lack of enforcement and regulation.

What is the economic, social and cultural domination of one group over another?

What hegemonic Marxist concept (Glasgow University Media Group) does the following describe?

Journalists consensus decides what topics should be discussed or avoided, such as choosing to discuss a woman's appearance but not societal inequality. The Sun is more likely to be annoyed by Corbyn not singing the national anthem than the number of people living in poverty. This results in cultural hegemony, with the basic principles of capitalism ie profit and the free market being presented as normal.

Which hegemonic Marxists suggested that the content supports interests of capitalist system, but that hegemony is a probable by-product of social backgrounds of journalists/broadcasters? They are often white, middle class and male, with 50% of top UK journalists being privately educated. Tend to believe in consensus ideas, which appeal to the majority of viewers, seeing ideas outside this as extremist.

Which hegemonic Marxist sees owners, editors and journalists as the 'establishment', an alliance of unaccountable groups bound by common interests? They manage democracy by igoring the establishment and vilifying the poor, unemployed, immigrants etc instead of investigating the establishment, since the media and the establishment are the same thing.