Which sociologist suggested that what children experience today as childhood is a recent social construction?
Philippe Aries
Anne Oakley
Clarke
Talcott Parsons
In what time period did Clarke state that the idea of childhood was 'invented'?
Prior to the 1600's
Between 1600's and the 20th century
Beginning of the 20th century
At what age did Aries say that children stopped being physically dependant on their parents?
12 years old
4 years old
7 years old
10 years old
How did Aries say children over the age of 7 were treated in medieval societies?
Pre-adolescents
Post-children
Miniature adults
Young adults
What did he give as a reason for them being treated as miniature adults?
People expected them to act like adults.
Children were not seen as important in medieval societies.
The concept of age in medieval times was different to what it is now.
Aries based his research of medieval children on paintings and their representation of children?
Aries said that medieval childhood began to resemble today's version of childhood towards the end of the 17th century.
One of the main reasons given by Aries for this was that there was a steady decrease in infant mortality rate, meaning children were more likely to actually survive childhood.
According to Clarke's idea of the middle class family ideology, which family member organised the 'proper' upbringing of the child?
A strong mother
The grandparents
A strong father
The child
What type of data did Aries get from using paintings for research?
Quantitative
Qualitative
What was one of Pollock's main criticisms of Aries?
They may be unrepresentative of medieval societies as nearly all paintings were commissioned by the wealthy elites and their approach to childhood may be different to the approach of the wider society.
Aries makes the mistake of being ethnocentric and applying modern standards to past societies.
What was Wilson's main criticism of Aries's work?
There is no focus on the relationship between the parent and the children in the images.
Industrialisation had a radical effect on the way that working class children were treated?
During the industrial period children were seen as economic necessities by their parents, in order to stave off poverty.
When was the Factory Act, preventing children working in mines and certain types of mill and factory, passed?
Early 19th century
Mid 19th century
Early 20th century
Thomas Barnardo opened up his first children's home in 1889?
The NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children) was set up in what year?
1867
1858
1889
What was Cunningham's (2006) major features of the child centred society?
Childhood as the opposite of adulthood - children viewed as innocent, vulnerable and dependant on adults.
Childhood is associated with certain rights - for example to right to be happy and the right to be safe and healthy.
The social worlds of adults and children are physically and symbolically separated... for example, children occupy places in schools and the home and are excluded from adult spaces, such as the workplace and public houses.
All three.
The state takes responsibility for the emotional, physical, intellectual and spiritual development of a child, so it grows up to be a law-abiding citizen. What role did Chambers say that the state had taken on because of this?
The 'good cop'
The 'good parent'
The 'bad parent'
