This phase of the cardiac cycle produces the S2 sound.
Rapid ejection
Reduced ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Rapid ventricular filling
Reduced ventricular filling
Which center of the brain is responsible for modulating the cardiac pacemaker and renal vasodilation?
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Medulla
Pons
An increase in which of the following values will make blood LESS turbulent?
Density of blood
Diameter of vessel
Velocity of blood
Viscosity of blood
Which of the following ions is responsible for the rapid depolarizing phase of the action potential in the SA node and AV node?
Na+
K+
Ca++
Cl-
Which of the following would result in vascular smooth muscle contraction?
Decreased [Ca++]
Increased [cAMP]
Increased [cGMP]
Endothelin
Which of the following muscarinic receptor subtypes is located in the heart?
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
This phase of the cardiac cycle is when the S1 sound is heard.
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
The sympathetic anatomic pathway causes a tachycardic effector response via norepinephrine binding to which receptor?
alpha1
alpha2
beta1
beta2
Which of the following as the greatest affinity for alpha 1 receptors?
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol
Which of the following has the largest internal radius?
Vena cava
Aorta
Small arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Which of the following statements concerning the sympathetic nervous system is TRUE?
Most preganglionic sympathetic axons are unmyelinated
The chain of sympathetic ganglia extends from the upper neck (C2-3) to the coccyx
The postganglionic axons rejoin the spinal nerves via the white rami communicantes
Sympathetic preganglionic axons release acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors.
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located within the ventral horn
Which adrenergic receptor is commonly found in the heart, salivary glands, adipose tissue and kidney?
S4 corresponds to?
Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
Opening of stenotic mitral valve
Diastolic filling gallop or ventricular or protodiastolic gallup
Atrial sound that creates an atrial or presystolic gallup
Which of the following would you expect if the diameter of vessel was decreased?
No significant change to flow
Increased laminar flow
Decreased turbulent flow
Increased Reynolds number
All preganglionic neurons whether sympathetic or parasympathetic release acetylcholine to stimulate which type of receptor?
M1 type muscarinic receptors
M2 type muscarinic receptors
M3 type muscarinic receptors
N1 type nicotinic receptors
N2 type nicotinic receptors
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in S2-S4 exit the spinal cord through the which region?
Dorsal roots
Ventral roots
Intermediolateral column
Medial column
Which of the following is not a sensory input of the autonomic nervous system?
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Golgi tendon organs
Nociceptors
Vasoconstriction in most blood vessels such as skin is produced from norepinephrine binding to which receptor?
Alpha2
Where is the highest resistance to blood flow found?
Arteries
Venules
Veins
Where is the Na+ current not found?
SA node
Purkinje fibers
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
The vagus nerve is the name for which cranial nerve?
III
VII
IX
X
XI
Which of the following has the greatest affinity for beta 1 and beta 2 receptors?
Isoprotenerol
S3 corresponds to?
Opening of a stenotic mitral valve
Diastolic filling gallup or ventricular or Ignore gallop
Atrial sound that creates and atrial or presystolic gallop
Which of the following has the smallest aggregate cross-sectional area.
What adrenergic receptor would you expect to find on arterioles that when activated cause constriction of smooth muscle reducing the vessel diameter?
Alpha1
Beta1
Beta2
What is the largest current in the heart?
Which of the following cranial nerves is not a component of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Xi
Which of the following receptor types are inotropic?
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Adrenergic
Mean linear velocity is greatest in which of the following types of vessels?
The mechanism of action for this receptor involves inhibiting adenylyl cyclase , decreasing cAMP.
Which of the following is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Erectile tissue
Sweat glands
All skeletal blood vessels
Adrenal gland
An opening snap corresponds to.
Diastolic filling gallop or ventriculoar protosystodiastolic gallop
Which of the following organs are innervated by the sympathetic chain ganglion instead of a pre-vetebral plexus ganglion?
Gallbladder
Liver
Large intestine
Heart
Bladder
In the circulatory system, where is the greatest decrease in pressure found?
Which of the following is responsible for the rapid depolarizing phase of the action potential in the atrial and ventricular muscle and in Purkinje fibers?
Which of the following receptors involves IP3 increasing intracellular Ca++?
