What are the two stages of moral reasoning in children according to Paiget?

The following term describes the return of a portion of the output on a system used to maintain predermined limits within the system or to signal a need to modify the system:

Claudia, age 7, is not able to consistently identify words, despite tutoring over the past year and positive parental support. Claudia's issue is consistent with:

When tapping into self-efficacy beliefs, an individual must center on asking:

Brian is experiencing flu-like symptoms, irritability, weight loss, nightmares and restlessness. Brian used cannabis from a dispensary for the past several moths, but decided this was too expensive and he needed to find other ways to cope with his issues. Since stopping four days ago, he has been less miserable. The diagnosis most consistent with Brian's presentation is:

Tommy is 40. His story begins about 2 decades ago when walking around town. He was in a shop and suddenly found himself looking down from above, like from the rafters in the store. Tommy said, "It was unreal watching myself, I was scared to death, but it continued and continues today." Tommy shakes as he describes it. He looks to be an addict, but his drug screens are clear and he adamantly denies any substance use, saying "I'm scared to drink any alcohol or ever try drugs with this happening to me." Tommy's presentation is consistent with:

Most abnormal behavior can be modified through the application of: