Catalysts And Addition Reactions For Alkenes

Platinum catalyst

Nickel catalyst

Phosphoric acid catalyst.

Hydrogenation (Industry)

Hydrogenation (Lab)

Hydration (Lab)

Hydration (Industry)

Irreversibly adsorbed.

Engulfed by surface.

Adsorbed and stain surface before deadsorbtion.

A catalyst is a substance which speed up the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy. The catalyst itself is not used up in the reaction. Heterogenous means the catalyst is at a different state to the reactants. For example in a catalytic converter the catalyst is solid whereas the reactants are gases.

A catalyst is a substance which speed up the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy. The catalyst itself is not used up in the reaction. Heterogenous means the catalyst is at the same state to the reactants. For example in a catalytic converter the catalyst is solid whereas the reactants are gases.

A catalyst is a substance which speed up the rate of the reaction by highering the activation energy. The catalyst itself is used up in the reaction. Heterogenous means the catalyst is at a different state to the reactants. For example in a catalytic converter the catalyst is solid whereas the reactants are gases.

A catalyst is a substance which slows down the rate of the reaction by lowering the activation energy. The catalyst itself is not used up in the reaction. Heterogenous means the catalyst is at a different state to the reactants. For example in a catalytic converter the catalyst is solid and the reactants are also solids.

Induced dipole

Deduced dipole

Simple induced dipole

Due to the high electron density in the C=C of the alkene.

Due to the high electron density in the C-H of the alkene.

Due to the trend in reactivity between a halogen and a carbon atom

The electrons shared between the Br2 move closer to the furthest Br from the alkene. Forming two areas of charge.

The covalent bond in the C=C and donates an electron pair to the Br2.

Lone pairs in the Br2 molecule closest to the alkene are forced towards the covalent bond causing the molecule to split into two Br- ions.

The movement of a pair of electrons

The movement of an electron

Specifically the movement of charge

Br- and C+

Br+ and C-

Br+ and C+

Br- and C-