Unlike chemical biological gastrointestinal gaseous( chemical, biological, gastrointestinal, gaseous ) catalysts, enzymes do not require extreme mild( extreme, mild ) temperatures or pH osmotic pressures by-catalysts dilution( pH, osmotic pressures, by-catalysts, dilution ) to function efficiently. Also, they don't do usually( don't, do, usually ) produce by-products, are highly specific acidic uncommon insoluble( specific, acidic, uncommon, insoluble ), and their activity can be regulated by cells.

Enzymes bind to their substrate at their active charged tertiary specific( active, charged, tertiary, specific ) site. This consists of 6-10 2-4 60-100 150-200( 6-10, 2-4, 60-100, 150-200 ) amino acids that form a tertiary primary secondary quaternary( tertiary, primary, secondary, quaternary ) structure which is complementary reduced synthesised primary( complementary, reduced, synthesised, primary ) and specific non-specific an oxidising agent a reducing agent( specific, non-specific, an oxidising agent, a reducing agent ) to the substrate.
The role of cofactors vitamins active sites polypeptides( cofactors, vitamins, active sites, polypeptides ) is to ensure that enzymes act at the appropriate rate.

According to the induced lock and key( induced, lock and key ) fit hypothesis, formation of the ESC creates subtle changes in the active site solubility pH( active site, solubility, pH ) tertiary primary secondary quaternary( tertiary, primary, secondary, quaternary ) structure, which allows bonds polypeptides enzymes the lock-and-key( bonds, polypeptides, enzymes, the lock-and-key ) to break and form during the biological reaction.