Discuss the development of normal flora in humans.

The ubiquitous flora is not always protective to humans. Discuss a few ways in which the flora can become opportunistic pathogens.

Describe three types of reservoirs using examples

Compare and contrast the following terms: infection, disease, morbidity, pathogenicity and virulence.

Infection

Disease

Morbidity

Pathogenicity

Virulence

Virulence factors

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Provide three examples of each.

Compare and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins.

Use examples.

Describe the mechanism by which capsules enhance the survival of pathogens.

Contact transmission

Vehicle transmission

Vector transmission

Contrast droplet transmission and airborne transmission.

How do we prevent transmission of pathogens by these methods?

Endemic

Epidemic

Pandemic

There are several types of nosocomial infections, ie endogenous, iatrogenic, superinfections.

How are they different?

Examples.

Symbiosis means

Types of symbiosis

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Normal Microbiota in Hosts

Two types of normal microbiota in hosts

Resident microbiota

definition

Transient microbiota

definition

axenic

Upper Respiratory tract

Resident Microbiota

Upper digestive tract

Resident microbiota

Lower digestive tract

resident microbiota

Female Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Resident Microbiota

Male Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Resident Microbiota

Eyes and Skin

Resident Microbiota

Transient microbiota

Acquisition of normal microbiota

opportunistic pathogens

Conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens

Reservoirs (source) of infectious disease of humans

3 types of reservoirs (vectors)

Animal reservoirs

Reservoirs of Zoonoses in Humans caused by Protozoa

Reservoirs of Zoonoses in Humans causes by Fungi

Reservoirs of Zoonoses in Humans caused by Bacteria

Reservoirs of Zoonoses in Humans caused by Viruses

Human Carriers

Reservoirs of Infectious Disease of Humans

Nonliving Reservoirs

Reservoirs of Infectious Disease of Humans

What does helminthic mean?

Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection

Portals of Entry

Portals of entry equal

Mucous membranes

Portals of Entry

Placenta

Portals of Entry

Parenteral Route

Portal of Entry

So how do organisms attach once they get in?

Adhesion

Adhesion factors

Nature of infectious disease

Mortality vs Morbidity

Symptoms

Signs

Syndrome

Asymptomatic

What is virulence?

Pathogenicity

Virulence factors contribute to

More virulent to less virulent

Extracellular Enzymes

Coagulase positive microorganism

Toxins

Majority of gut flora is

If there was a vaccine for gram- bacteria, we would....

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

Antigenicity

Antiphagocytic factors

The stages of infectious disease

5 stages of infectious disease following infection

Incubation Periods of Selected Infectious Diseases

Portals of Exit