Psychology Final Exam

During the oral psychosexual stage, if oral needs are not met appropriately, an individual may develop such habits as

In Erickson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and nearly all of the countries in Europe are examples of _______.

_____ cultures emphasize independance and self-expression, whereas _____ cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony

Children learning English and other Western languages fast-map which parts of speech earliest?

In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing.

Sigmund Freud divided human development into ______ stages.

Which of the following comprise Freud's theory of personality

Stranger anxiety first appears at what age?

Which of the following statements is true about correlation coefficients?

Twelve-year-old Ross lives in a country with very low governmental standards for public education. As a result, he is barely literate. The public policies that impact Ross's education are part of the

Which of the following research methods permits inferences about cause-and-effect relationships?

In the cross-sectional design

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Fred was born into a family with high musical talent. Both his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his music development. Throughout childhood he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself. Which of the following best describes Fred's genotype?

If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive, from a dominant-recessive pairing, which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?

Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development. However, it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes. This is known as ______.

Research on private speech suggests that young children

Fred and George are identical twins. Ashton and Michael are fraternal twins. Which of the following statements is true?

The _________ is the longest prenatal period

A teratogen is

If baby Jaymie has a combined Apgar score of 7, doctors should

Tiffany is a small-for-date baby. This means she

The function of the Babinski reflex is

Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80. Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?

When concordance rates are higher amun monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, this indicates which of the following?

What needs to dilate 10 centimeters (4.5 inches) during the process of labor?

The second stage of the birthing process is called

Which of the following best describes a cesarean delivery?

What makes delivery much more difficult for the women?

Accordingly to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, children

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive development begins in the ______ stage.

Dr. Winsock often designs flowcharts to map the precise steps that her research participants use to solve problems and complete tasks, much like the plans devised by programmers to get computers to perform a series of "mental operations." Dr. Winsock probably subscribes to which of the following theories of development?

According to Vygotsky, _______ is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arm, then his hand, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the ______.

When neuronal connections that are used become stronger and faster and the neuronal connection that are not used wither away, what is happening?

The text describes orphanages in Romania in which all of the infants had been seriously deprived. The children were later adopted and recovered dramatically in physical development. It was found that the recovery in cognitive development

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?

________ in infants was first demostrated in a classic experiment by Eleanor Gibson and James Walk (1960) with their use of a table called the "visual cliff"

Which of the following describes the normal sequencing of language development?

In what type of speech do adults talk to infant by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, and repeating words?

Your friends have just had a baby, it is now two weeks old and you notice that its moods are generally positive, it adapts well to new situations, and does not have extreme emotional reactions. What do you know about her personality? She is probably ______.

Which of the following are the five primary emotions?

You have been a life-long smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son's room and you find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is you son doing?

Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named "Midnight." Your nephew readily learned your cat's name, but now calls all cats "Midnight." Surely your nephew does not think that every cat's name is "Midnight." Why is this happening? Your nephews behavior is an example of ________.

_____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

Under normal conditions conditions young children use their primary attachment figure as a _______.

In this type of attachment, these these toddlers are less likely to explore any toys when the mother is present and they show greater distress when she leaves the room. When she returns they run to greet her, but then push away when she attempts to comfort or pick them up.

Pneumonia, malaria, and measles are common causes of death for children in ______.

Identical twins have a _________ genetic similarity and are more likely than ordinary siblings to _____

What stage emphasizes that children were unable yet to perform mental operations?

You are visiting your sister who has 4-year-old twins. They ask if they can have some milk and you are pouring it for them. One glass that you chose was tall and thin and the other was short and wide. After you poured the milk your niece is very unhappy because you gave “more” milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to ____.

Which of the following statements best captures why a child may fail the conservation task?

You just came back from class in which the topic was egocentrism in the proportional stage. You have a 4-year-old and thought you would see if what you learned was accurate. You are sitting directly across from her and ask her to look at the front and back cover of her favorite book. After she did this you asked her to describe “the part of the book that I am looking at” What does she say?

What happens to the IQ gains that occur as a function of low-income children participating in the Project Head Start program?

Phrases like “please,” “thank you,” and “bye-bye” are examples of ____.

What term describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and connot change?

What is a distinctive feature of authoritative parents?

If you were an authoritative parent, how would you handle a child who only wanted to eat a banana split for dinner? You would say, ____

During middle childhood, children become ____ susceptible to disease, ___ vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition, and ______ likely to have accidents that result in injury or death.

Your roommate and you are having a discussion of the “Westernization” of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of the Western culture. In terms of healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernization? Children in developing countries ____.

Ashton is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and ask which of the shapes has more clay. If Ashton is in Piaget’s preoperational stage he will reply, _____.

If Julia is taller than Anna and Anna is taller than Lynn, Julia must be taller than Lynn. According to Piaget, what concepts does this question illustrate?

Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities?

What is the disorder referred to when difficulties in maintaining attention?

____ is a person’s capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning, and solving problems.

Every child has a genetically based ___ for intelligence, meaning a range of possible developmental paths.

Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham Bell all possess which of Sternburg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Ms. Silman proposes that children learn how to read best when they are taught to examine the overall meaning of words, rather than breaking down each word into its smallest component. She encourages her students to guess at the meaning of words they do not know, based on the context of the word within the poem or story. Which of the following does Ms. Silman practice in her classroom?

Assume that you have a friend who is bilingual and is contemplating whether or not to teach her child both English and Spanish. Based on the research, which of the following should be your response?

In middle childhood, children become more capable of going about their daily activities without constant monitoring and control by others. They are better at functioning independently, with a little guidance from others, also called _____.

Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who most often were rated as “liked” and rarely rated as “disliked”?

Pubertal changes begin when a threshold of ____.

Your little sister, who is 13, has a bust that is visibly increasing. What type of sex characteristic describes this change?

In regards to the timing of the onset of puberty, which of the following is more at risk for depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, and school problems?

Which of the following best describes the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa?

What Piagetian stage involves the development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

What Piagetian task was used to test whether a child had progressed from concrete to formal operations?

Which of the following best describes an imaginary audience?

The ___ self is your self-conception, and _____ selves are the different people you could become in the future depending on your choices and experiences.

_____ is the proposal that psychological and behavioral differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence because of social pressure to conform culturally prescribed gender roles.

To Kohlberg, whether the participants concluded that the actions of the persons in the dilemma ___ was crucial for understanding the level of people’s moral development?

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s post conventional level of moral reasoning?

Alfredo is a high school student whose circle of friends includes six other people. They all know each other well and spend most of their time together, from sharing lunch in the cafeteria every day to hanging out on the basketball courts after school and on weekends. What type of group is this?

According to Susman et al. (2007) what type of group includes students who do not stand out in any particular way, neither positively or negatively, and are mostly ignored by other students?

Two types of countries have low rates of teenage pregnancy: those that are very restrictive in sexual behavior and those that are____.

What are the typical ages for emerging adulthood?

In the United States, which of the following is the most cited criterion as a marker of adulthood?

In the United States, which of the following is the most cited criterion as a marker of adulthood?

What term does Osgood use to describe behavior including riding around in cars for fun, going to parties, visiting friends informally, and going out with friends?

Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development reaches full maturity at formal operations; however, contemporary researchers propose that this is not the case, but rather that cognitive maturity extends into ____.

You are talking to an exchange student about the different styles of education that occur in the United States and her country. She told you that grades matter very little and standards for performance are very relaxed. In fact, they have four years of university sanctioned leisure to think and explore. What country is she most likely from?

Jacob has been pressured by his father to take over the family farm. Reluctantly Jacob has agreed to this identity status because that is what is best for his parents. He has not explored his options but has passively accepted the identity his father imposed on him. From James Marcia’s model, which of the following identity statuses can Jacob’s be categorized as?

What do young Israelis view as the most important criterion that signals adulthood?

In Erik Erikson’s theory of the lifespan, what is the central emotional and psychosocial issue of young adulthood?

Your grandparents have been married 50 years. They go everywhere together. You have caught them kissing when they thought they were alone and they hold hands quite a bit in public. They rarely make a move without asking the other his or her opinion. You hope to have that type of relationship some day. According to Sternburg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing?

Which of the following is the correct sequencing of stages for Donald Super’s theory of occupational development?

What is the overall conclusion regarding a “universal” midlife crisis?

You have noticed that your 41-year-old uncle has become very interested in helping his daughter’s Girl Scout troop and coaching his son’s soccer team. According to Erickson, what is your uncle displaying?

According to Erickson, an individual who experiences ego integrity has:

You have noticed that your 84-year-old great grandmother has a much smaller set of friends than she used to have. You know that the same individuals who she used to be friends with are still living in the same neighborhood. According to Cartensen, why is you grandmother not interacting with some of the people for whom she was a friend? Older adults tend to: