Stringed Instruments:
In stringed instruments the pitch of the notes played depends on three factors:

the length of the string: the longer the string, the lower the note
the thickness of the string: the thicker the string, the lower the note
the tension on the string. the looser the string, the lower the note

Size applies to all instruments as well; the larger the instrument, the deeper and lower a sound it makes.

Woodwind Instruments:
The pitch depends on:

how hard/soft you blow on the reed
which holes you cover with your fingers

Brass Instruments:
In a brass instrument, the pitch depends on:

(trombone) how tight it is (when you push/pull the slide)
how hard you blow on the mouthpiece

Percussion:
The pitch depends on:

how tight the skin on the drums is
(steel drums) how near the centre you play

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Notes on sound.