What is phylogeny?
Desent with modification
Evolutionary relationships among organisms
Classification of organisms and determining evolutionary relationships
Which domain of life does mitochondria belong to?
Eukayra
Archeaea
Bacteria
Which domain is most closely related to archaea
viruses
bacteria
eukarya
How many chromosomes do Prokaryotes have?
1
mulitiple
Which of the followings are common features in cells of all domains
Cell membrane ,ribosome ,chromosome/sand cytosol (semi-fluid substance)
Cytoplasm, centromeres, mitochondria and nucleus
endoplasmic renticuluim, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes
nuclear enveolope, vesicles, vacuoles, chloropyll
Eukaryotes.....
Have DNA enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus
Are small and less complex
Are large and more complex
Have no organelles
Are green
Have organelles
DNA floats around in prokaryotes
How many lipid bilayers do cell membranes have
2
3
4
Which image best describes the cell membrane
cell count
selective barrier
free passage
O2 and CO2 pass freely through the membrane of a cell because they are substances which are...
polar
non polar
bi polar
Sligthly negatively charged
Slightly positively charged
Cholesterol is increases the fluidity of the phosplipid bilayer
Which domain rRNA selection composed of 5s,16s,and 23s
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have ribosomes free just in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the nucleus
What is the name of the complex of proteins and chromosomes
chromatin
centrosome
chromatosin
What is the name of the protein which holds the shape of the nucleus
nuclear lamina
nuclear envelope
Where is RNA synthesized?
Nuclear pores
Nucleous
Chromatin
Bacterial DNA is found in 2 locations
Plasmids...
are straight
Contain genetic information
Are larger that the bacterial chromosome
Are smaller that the bacterial chromosome
Can exchange DNA between bacterial cells beneficial for antibiotic resistance
Which systems and organelles are not found in animal cells that are found in plant cells
ribosomes
chloroplasts
mitochondrion
microvilli
central vacuole and tonoplast
cell wall
centrsome
plasmodesmata
The cytoplasm doesn't contain organelles
microfilaments are the largest fibers in the cytoskeleton
What are the functions for the cytoskeleton
Anchor the organelles
uses ATP to move vesicles around the cells
make the cell bendy
link to one another to strenghten cell stucture
Regulate biochemical activites
Mirco tubules are hollow
what is the function of the microtubules
shaping the cell
moving the whole cell
Guiding movement of organelles
regulate cell temperature
Separating chromosomes during cell division
control the beating of cilia and flagella
The centrosome is made up of two centrioles
The centrosome is a
microtubule-organizing center
microtubule- diassembling center
microtubule-destuction center
Microfilaments are solid rods comprising a twisted double chain of
chtin subunits
actin subunits
the 3D cortex of the microfiliaments to change the cells shape
bundles of the microfilament make up the core ore microvilli in the intestinal cells
In muscle cells...
Hundreds of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another
Thousands of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another
Millions of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another
Myosin and ...... help in the movement of cells and are very important in muscles
Actin
Chitin
Phosphourous
What are the functions of the intermediate filaments
Maintence of cell shape
cytoplasmic streaming
formation of nuclear lamina
anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
muscle contaction
What the difference between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
rough has ribsomes are located on the outside of the organelle
they are made up of different components
smooth ER secretes glycoprotiens
What are the functions of the smooth ER
secrete glycoprotiens, distributes transport vesicles- proteins surrounded by a membrane
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, deoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions
which organelles make up the endomembrane sytstem
Nuclear envelope • Plasma membrane • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • Vacuoles
cell membrane - ribosome - chromosome/s - cytosol (semi-fluid substance)
The Golgi apparatus manufactures.....
micromolecules
phospolipids
macromolecules
nucleic aids
what is the name of the process where Vesicles leave golgi and may fuse with plasma membrane to secrete contents
exocytosis
eutytropic
sterotropic
cytokensis
lysomes are sacs of ...... enzymes which can digest macromolecules (proteins, fats, polysaccharides, nucleic acids
sulpuric
hydrolytic
nitrite
what is the name given when a cell engulfs another
autophagy
phagocytosis
cytokenisis
autophagy is the process where lysomes
Use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
fuse with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Manufactures certain macromolecules
The vacuole contains, oxygen, carbon and chlorophyll
both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have mitochondria
Mitochondria is where...
starch is converted into glucose
celluar respiration through the generation of ATP
nutrients passes through the nuclear envelope
What is the name for the double membrane: a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded
Cristae
peroxisome
medula
mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA
Chlorophyll contain chloroplast
Most cells synthesize and secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane
The cell walls of Fungi are made of
cellulose
starch
which of the following are is NOT in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells
collegen
actin
proteoglycans
fibronectin
he extracellular matrix bind to the receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
Which 2 of the following are NOT functions of the ECM
Support
Flexibility
Adhesion
Movement
fixed postioning
regulation
Which of the following is a plant cell junction
Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata:
•Desmosomes
Tight junctions
prokaryotes have organelles
which of the following are found inside a microbial cells
Cytoplams
Centrsomes
Flagella
Pili
Mitochondria
Capsule/slime layer
Cytoplasmic membrane and Cell wall
Magnetosomes are magnetic enclusions in cells allow
microogramism move around magnetic lines
help the cell wall stay in place
remove unwanted information from the cell
Gas vesicles sink in prokaryotic cells
Gas vesicle are bouyant as it allows the microograsims to move up and down o the cytoplasm allowing for optimum light absorption. As some microorganisms photosynthesis
Prokaryotes produce spores for reporduction
Which of the following isnt a factor for the dispersal of spore in hardy environment soil
poluten
rainfall increases or decreases
high acidity
temperature drop
nurtrient level falls
The composition of peptidoglycan in bacteria is..
G+ve cells have ~ 70 G-ve cells have ~ 30
G+ve cells have ~ 50 G-ve cells have ~50
G+ve cells have ~90 G-ve cells have ~ 10
antibiotic drugs target the cell walls of bacteria, which one is easiest to destoy
Gram +
Gram -
Capsule/slime layers.....
to stick cells together and as a food reserve
to protect the cell from desiccation, and from chemicals
increase the number of cells being produced
stop the cells sticking together and dry out the cell
the movement of flagella is based on
proton motor force
ATP release
metabolism of glucose
to benefit cellular exchange bacterial will have
pili
fimbriae
what do Archaea and eukarya have in common but not bacteria
flagella
histomes
gas vesicle
endospores
sensitivity antibiotics
Acheae are the highest tolerating domain
Endosymbiont theory is the idea that Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya eons ago - First a non-photosynthetic prokaryote formed an endosymbiont relationship with a host - Subsequently, a photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed Result = a single organism
what would you NOT consider to define life?
order/organisation
reproduction
response to environment
energy utilisation and production (metabolism)
homeostasis
evolution
respiration
being complety reliant on from others
what is a virus
piece of DNA or RNA covered in a protein coat
a nucleus with a cell wall and mitochondria