Mechanisms of Disease

List 3 oncogenes & associated malignancy

List 3 mechanisms for tumour cell spread

What are CADHERINS & what is their association with invasion & metastasis

What are INTEGRINS and what is their association with invasion & metastasis?

Describe the normal molecular events associated with Rb (a tumour suppressor gene)

List 3 functions of p53 (tumour suppressor gene) when NOT mutated

Define carcinogenesis

List 3 differences in behaviour between benign & malignant cells

List 3 differentiating features of benign versus malignant cells, in terms of macroscopic appearance

Differentiate between the microscopic features of benign versus malignant cells

Differentiate between the microscopic features of benign versus malignant cells

List the 3 requirements for tumour development

What gene is implicated in Ataxia Telangiectasia and what does it normally do?

Define atherosclerosis

Define arteriolosclerosis

Define atheroma

List the 4 constituents of an atherosclerotic plaque

BRIEFLY describe cellular events associated with atheromatous plaque development

List 4 complications of cerebral artery atheroma

List 4 laboratory abnormalities that might be present in the setting of DIC

Define cellular INVOLUTION

Give two examples of physiological hyperplasia

What type of inheritance does haemophilia A show?

List 2 types of physiological hypertrophy

List 6 causes of cell atrophy

Define metaplasia

Define neoplasia

What is the definition of a 'thrombus'

List the 3 components of Virchow's Triad

List the 5 potential fates of a thrombus

What is the definition of an embolism?

List 3 potential types/outcomes of pulmonary embolism

List 5 symptoms of PE

List 4 signs of PE

List 7 types of embolism, other than thrombus

Briefly describe DIC

What is the definition of haemostasis?

What mechanisms keep blood from clotting normally?

Describe the role of the platelet in clotting (4 stages)

What two roles does the endothelial wall play in preventing clotting?

Differentiate between the actions of Tc & Th cells

Differentiate between the actions of Th1 & Th2 lymphocytes

List 2 functions of B cells in chronic inflammation

List the 3 types of healing & repair

Define 'labile' cells

Define 'quiescent' cells

Define 'permanent' cells

List the 5 stages of healing & repair

Describe the process of angiogenesis in healing & repair

What is granulation tissue?

Describe the processes of chemotaxis & mitogenesis in healing & repair

Describe the process of fibrogenesis in healing & repair

Describe the remodelling process in healing & repair

List 2 factors that can stimulate apoptosis

What factors comprise the anti-oxidant defence system?

List the 3 features of acute inflammation

List 4 roles of the macrophage in chronic inflammation

List 6 non-immunological defences

Describe what are meant by 'haemodynamic changes' in acute inflammation

Describe what is meant by 'changes in endothelial permeability' in acute inflammation

List and describe 3 types of exudate

Describe the process of 'neutrophil migration & recruitment' in acute inflammation

Describe the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils in acute inflammation

List 7 outcomes of acute inflammation

Describe the process of resolution of acute inflammation

What is caseous necrosis?

Describe the pathophysiology of fat necrosis

Define gangrene & list two types

Describe coagulative necrosis

Describe liquefactive necrosis

What are heat shock proteins?

List 3 reversible mechanisms of cell damage

List 2 irreversible mechanisms of cell injury

List 5 factors that lead to generation of free radicals

List 4 mechanisms of removal of free radicals

List 3 mechanisms of free radical-induced damage

Define 'free radical'

Describe the role of the complement system

List 3 complement proteins and state their role

List the 6 causes of cellular injury & give an example of each

List 3 differences between necrotic & apoptotic cell death?