A strong advantage of the longitudinal design is
that informed consent is not necessary.
its ability to discern amongst cohorts.
that it follows development of individuals.
that it protects from selective attrition.
The long-term stability of children’s temperament is most properly studied
experimentally.
cross-sectionally.
longitudinally
speculatively
Which of these is NOT among the five measurements that make up the APGAR test for neonates?
muscle tone
heart rate
reflex irritability
attention span
In recent decades, the age of viability has advanced earlier in the period of the fetus because of
the increasing rate of single parenthood
the perfusion of toxic chemicals in food and water
better maternal nutrition
advances in medical technology
Reasoning by verbal analogy: MATERNITY BLUES are to POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION as __________ is to __________.
PRIMATE / HUMAN
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE
FATHER / MOTHER
MILD / INTENSE
When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies in their first months of life, they
are unreliable and inaccurate
do better with negative emotions than with positive
do better with positive emotions than with negative
are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotion
"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to
categorise people or animals as good or bad
use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation
hide one's own true inner feelings
understand that others' feelings differ from your own
Which of these is NOT among the several methods for studying infants’ sensation / perception?
habituation / dishabituation
high-amplitude sucking
deferred imitation
evoked potentials
Sandra’s mum has no time to look into a mirror. Which flaws is 6-month-old Sandra LEAST likely to notice?
very smudged eye shadow
a big bruise on mum’s nose
a piece of pasta hanging off mum’s chin
a crow’s nest in mum’s hair
As little Benny masters object permanence, which behaviour represents the most advanced understanding?
passively waiting for an object to reappear
anticipating invisible displacements
making an A-not-B error
looking at another toy as the first one disappears from view
Cernunnos's dad is upset and cries. Cernunnos gives his teddy to dad to hold, and tells dad he will feel better if he hugs that teddy. According to Piaget, Cernunnos is showing
egocentrism
decentered emotionality
sympathetic empathetic concern
animism
Reasoning by verbal analogy, Piaget’s view is to Vygotsky’s view as ________ is __________ to .
egocentrism / other’s viewpoint
adolescence / childhood
flexibility / rigidity
solitary / social
For Vygotsky, private speech is
meaningless babbling
entirely silent and cannot be heard by others
passive reporting on thoughts after they have happened
self-talk that helps children to plan their thoughts
A basic definition of imitation is
doing an action after seeing it done
repeating an action after getting reinforcement
varying a response to achieve reinforcement
repeating an action
Generalised imitation, a higher-order skill investigated by researchers in Bangor and other behaviour analysts, denotes an
ability to copy actions
ability to copy a variety of actions
ability to copy a variety of novel actions
ability to copy a variety of novel actions without external reinforcement
A toddler is able to name many objects and events. He hears a familiar word /cat/. This makes him
look to find a cat
try to pet the cat
neither look or try to pet but may echo the word ‘cat’
both look and and try to pet – and he may echo the word ‘cat’
The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of social norms is
interest, distress, disgust, and contentment
anger, surprise, fear, and sadness
embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom
Bellona is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her pram in the supermarket. This reaction would
be unusual in a child at that age
be evidence that Belinda was insecurely attached
be considered a typical response to a stranger for a child of that age (but not necessarily a universal response)
simply indicate that Belinda is tired or hungry
Emotional attachments between parent and child
are the result of cultural effects of parenting in the Western countries
slowly rise from social interactions in the first months
emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level
result from both persons' shared genetic relationship
Mary Ainsworth's (1978) "Strange Situation”
identifies the child's level of visual imagination
provides training for the transition into foster care
measures the child's interest in novel unfamiliar items
assesses the child's attachment style
The two common fears of infancy, separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, reflect the baby's preference for
easy temperament
familiarity
social referencing
learned helplessness
Training to improve the sensitivity of parents to their child’s needs
is doomed to fail because caregiving is genetically predetermined
works and promotes secure attachment
is directed mainly to upper income parents
yields temporary gains that are lost within weeks
Sam, age five, turns away from the TV that shows a report of an earthquake, where people are hurt. Sam is likely to be feeling
self-oriented distress
sympathetic empathetic arousal
a hostile attribution bias
Finnish school-based KiVa programme does NOT contain
an online game training emotion recognition
classroom activities that teach children to be helpful bystanders
psychological counseling to make bullied children less vulnerable
parental educational materials
Bangor-made Food Dudes programmes are effective interventions that increase consumption of fruit and veg. They are usually delivered by
parents
researchers
children
teachers
A researcher reports that boys show more physical aggression than girls in free play. She is able to demonstrate consistency of results across time, situations, and observers. Therefore, her findings are:
Reliable
Proven
Valid
None of the above
A researcher measures play behaviour of a few children over a long period of time, in daily structured play sessions. Possible problems?
Children will get bored with this and underperform
Results will be insufficient to draw valid conclusions
Results may not generalise to other children
All of the answers
A researcher reported that 3-year-old children have longer attention span than 2-year-old children, as they remembered more pictures shown in a test. She used a cross-sectional design, and tested 25 children in each group.
Data are not valid or reliable
Data are not generalisible to other 2- and 3-year-olds
Data cannot tell us about the development of individual children
You show preschool children Manyard the Cat. Then, in front of them, you place a dog mask on the cat’s face. You ask the children, does he bark or meow? They will say
meow
bark
can do either as he chooses
neither
Genetic epistemology, Piaget's academic specialty, could be defined as the study of the:
child's social relations with others such as peers
inheritance of developmental disability
inheritance of behavioral habits
development of knowledge
In Piaget's theory, balance between the child's thoughts and the environment is called:
tertiary circular reaction
phylogenetic scaffolding
early constructivism
cognitive equilibrium
Which of these is NOT among Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Formal operations stage
Preoperational stage
Proximal zone stage
Sensorimotor stage
Object permanence refers to the understanding that:
durable toys are preferred over those that break soon
existence continues even when something is out of sight
inanimate objects have the ability to "hide" actively
lost objects will always be located later
Three-year-old Bethan gets scared when her mum dresses up in a dinosaur costume on Halloween. This child shows:
a phylogenetic development
assimilation and accommodation
lack of object (person) permanence
misunderstanding of the appearance/reality distinction
Four-year-old Britney mistakes her neighbour's new pet rabbit for a kitten. Britney's error illustrates the Piagetian process of:
assimilation
accommodation
Suppose we asked children to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the most novel, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from children at the:
sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
preoperational stage of cognitive development.
concrete-operational stage of development.
formal-operational stage of development.
Neith is 4 ½ years old. She often talks out loud even when other people are not listening. This habit (according to Piaget) is:
unusual for boys but common for girls
unusual for girls but common for boys
fairly common in all children her age but of no significance for her cognitive development
fairly common in all children her age and helpful to her cognitive development.
A toddler is most likely to remember:
A very unusual event, such as seeing a flying balloon in the park or an elephant in the zoo
A very typical event, such as having breakfast with mum
Only the events that are highly emotionally significant.
Nothing at all – we do not remember until we are about 3-4 years of age
If he were alive today, Vygotsky would identify the calculator you have on your phone as a(n):
device for inner experimentation
tool of intellectual adaptation
zone of proximal development
electronic scaffold
Which statement is LEAST applicable to Vygotsky's theory?
Cooperative interactions with skilled tutors are helpful
Variations in cultural influences are acknowledged
Developmental universals are sought and identified
Scaffolding assists the child with difficult tasks
In the mirror self-recognition test, the parent covertly places a red spot on 1-year-old Gareth’s face. The child is then presented with a mirror. What is he most likely to do?
Deliberately ignore the red spot
Stare at the red spot
Touch their nose / wipe the red spot
Interact with the mirror (kissing or touching it)
When do you think most children start to learn their native language?
When they are about 12 month old
When they are about 6 months old
Soon after birth
Before they are born
Which type of parenting produces the happiest, best-adjusted children?
Authoritative (high D/C and high A/R)
Authoritarian (high D/C and low A/R)
Permissive (Low D/C and high A/R)
Uninvolved (Low D/C and Low A/R)
15-years old Mary is more likely than most of her peers to show poor self-control, poor academic performance, and to use illegal drugs. Her parents may have used:
Authoritative parenting style
Permissive parenting style
Uninvolved parenting style
Either permissive or uninvolved
Aphrodite is 3 years old. When her brother Jack was born, she started throwing tantrums, wetting herself, and trying to hurt Jack. This behaviour is:
The outcome of Aphrodite’s parents’ permissive style.
The outcome of Aphrodite’s difficult temperament.
Aphrodite has both permissive parents and a difficult temperament
Normal
Girls are more likely than boys to show which kind of aggression?
Hostile
Instrumental
Relational
Bullying
Dave hits Chuck while their mum is not looking and as Chuck gets distracted, Dave grabs his toy. This is an instance of which kind of aggression?
Young infants prefer __________________ .
good deeds and actors
aggression
bullying
Negative emotions
Which of the following is NOT an elementary mental function?
Sensation
Belief in religion
memory
attention
What is scaffolding according to Vygotsky?
The prevalent model of tutoring in western societies and schools
The informal tuition of cultural-relevant practices, common to non-industrialised societies
When a mature social partner responds contingently to the child's behaviour
None of the answers given
Which one of the following is not a critique for Piaget's pre-operational stage?
Children are not always egocentric
Animalism also depends on context - novel objects that move are deemed animate not others
Conservation tasks are solved after training
children struggle with appearance/reality distinction
For parents, especially the mother, is there a sensitive period for emotional bonding in first 6-12 hours after birth?
Yes – this is crucial for the full acceptance of a new baby.
No, there is no such thing as sensitive period.
It may be helpful but it is not necessary.
It may be helpful not to see the baby immediately, until mother is properly rested and hormones return to normal.
Childhood attachments – processes and timeline of formation of close emotional relationships – are mainly the result of…
Biological predisposition and maturation
Early operant learning in social situations
Cognitive development
There is no set answer, but the majority of developmental psychologists believe it is a combination of them all.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five kinds of linguistic knowledge?
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Cosmology
