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1.1 Use of take, make and do
Take", as "have", is used for washing or breaks, as well as several other nouns
.We use "make" with plans, travel and reference to speak.
"Is often used with work-related activities. We also use "do" when the action is evident.
1.2 Used To
We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens ,also use it for something that was true but no longer is.
1.3 Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
2.1 Used to as adjective
Used as an adjective. Use to be + used to. This means to be accustomed to.
2.2 Past Perfect
Subject + Auxiliary + Verb + Rest of the sentence.
2.3 Writing: order of adjectives
When more than one adjective comes before a noun, the adjectives are normally in a particular order.
3.1 Article the vs. no article
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicarte that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known.
3.2 Indirect questions
subject + verb + object
3.3 Opening phrases used in indirect questions
Indirect questions are a little more formal and polite. We use them when talking to a person we don’t know very well, or in professional situations, and their form is a little different.
4.1 Adjectives ending -ed / -ing
Adjectives that end ‘-ed’ describe emotions, Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that causes the emotion
4.2 Have /get something done
Have + object + past participle
4.3 Have / get + indirect object
Subject + get + complement + verb in infinitive form + complement // Subject + have + complement + verb in base form + complement.
5.2 Structure of the TOEFL test
The TOEFL iBT® test is given in English and administered via the Internet. There are four sections (listening, reading, speaking, and writing) which take a total of about four and a half hours to complete, including check-in.
6.1 Say and tell
The verbs say and tell have similar meanings. They both mean "to communicate verbally with someone". But we often use them differently.
6.2 Reported speech
Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. In indirect speech, the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command
6.3 Reported questions
When we report what people say, we usually change the tense of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting – not giving direct speech. This pattern is followed when we report questions and there are also other important changes between direct questions and reported questions.
7.1 Conditionals
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen.
7.2 Hope and wish
Hope- can (desire for something possible or likely
Wish- could (desire for something imposible or unlikely
7.3 Relative if clauses
S+C
pronoun + RC + verb
O+C
subject + RC + pronoun + verb
8.1 Modals of deduction = might /must /could /can´t
We use must when we feel sure that something is true because there’s very strong evidence.
We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we’re not sure.
We use can’t when we feel sure something is not true
8.2 Tag questions
do + subject ? / don´t + subject?
don´t subject ? / do + subject?
does + subject ? /doesn´t + subject?
doesn´t + subject ? / does + subject ?
did + subject ? / didn´t + subject?
didn´t + subject ? / did + subject?
8.3 Adjective suffixes -full /-less
A suffix is an ending we can attach to a word to express grammatical relationships (inflectional suffix) or to create a new word (derivational suffix).
9.1 Past perfect
Subject + Auxiliary + Verb + Rest of the sentence.
9.2 verb + gerund /infinitive
An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers.
9.3 Time expressions
Specifying the day
Specifying the time of day
Specifying the week, month, or year
10.2 Gerunds vs. Infinitives
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.
10.3 Suffixes and prefixes
Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.
11.1 Parts of the body and health problems
head, arm, back., waist, buttocks/ backside, leg, face, chest, stomach, hip, hand , foot, eye, eyebrow, nose, mouth, chin, hair, ear, lips, neck ,. nail, thumb, finger , wrist palm, shoulder, forearm, upper arm, elbow, knee, thigh, shin , calf , ankle , heel, toe
11.2 Wish for regrets
There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences:
Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past.
Regret with the past perfect.
Complaints with would + verb.
11.3 It´s + adejctive + infinitive
To express purpose (to answer "Why...?")
after certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling
12.1 Subject relative clauses
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about something.
12.2 Object relative clauses
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns.
12.3 Relative pronouns
who- persons
wich- animals,things,possesions
whose- possesions
whom- people in non-defining relative clauses
that- animals, people, things
13.1 Should / shouldn´t
We use should and shouldn't to give advice or to talk about what we think is right or wrong.
13.2 was / were going to
[was/were + going to + VERB]
13.3 Parts of a graph
In the typical graph used to evaluate behavior, time and behavior are the two variables considered. Each data point on a graph gives two pieces of information: when the behavior was recorded (time) and the level of the behavior at that time (frequency or duration or other dimension).
14.1 Gerund phrases as subjects and objects
Gerund + objects + modifiers
14.2 Separable phrasal verbs
You can insert other words into the middle of a separable phrasal verb.
14.3 Non – separable phrasal verbs
The inseparable phrasal verbs can be transitive (that is, they can take a direct object), but you can not insert that direct object in the middle of the phrasal verb. In other words, they can not be separated, hence their name
15.2 Most common phrasal verbs
Can be separated or non-separated
The object of the phrasal verbs can go either between the verb and the preposition or after the preposition
If the object at the sentences is a pronoun it must go between
EVIDENCE 3
ARANXA SOTO MARTÍNEZ
2842020
