A&P CARDIO

The pericardium is composed of two layers: fibrous external smooth serous parietal visceral( fibrous external, smooth serous, parietal, visceral ) layer and smooth serous fibrous external parietal visceral( smooth serous, fibrous external, parietal, visceral ) layer. The latter is composed of two layers, the parietal visceral fibrous external smooth serous( parietal, visceral, fibrous external, smooth serous ) bonded to the underside of the fibrous pericardium and the visceral fibrous external smooth serous parietal( visceral, fibrous external, smooth serous, parietal ) lays over the outside of the heart and is also known as the epicardium.

The chordae tendineae valve annulus papillary muscle( chordae tendineae, valve annulus, papillary muscle ) are strong fibrous cords that connect the AV valve leaflets to the papillary muscle. The valve leaflets are attached to a valve annulus chordae tendinaea papillary muscle( valve annulus, chordae tendinaea, papillary muscle ), a ring of fibrous tissue that provides support to the structure. The papillary muscles valve annulus chordae tendinaea( papillary muscles, valve annulus, chordae tendinaea ) are attached to the ventricular wall and contract during systole.

Coronary venous blood flows to the coronary sinus, a large vein on the posterior side of the heart. The coronary sinus then return the blood to the RA. Two thirds One third Three quarters( Two thirds, One third, Three quarters ) of coronary blood flow occurs during diastole.

Cardiac output is defined as the volume of blood ejected from the heart over one minute, normal range is 4-8 L/min 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2 50-100 mL/beat( 4-8 L/min, 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2, 50-100 mL/beat ). CO is affected by HR and SV.

Cardiac index relates the CO to the pt's BSA. Normal ranges are 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2 4-8 L/min 50-100 mL/beat( 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2, 4-8 L/min, 50-100 mL/beat ).

SV is the volume of blood ejected from the LV with each ventricular contraction. A healthy heart ejects more than half the total ventricular blood volume. Normal range is 50-100 mL/beat 4-8 L/min 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2( 50-100 mL/beat, 4-8 L/min, 2.5-4.3 L/min/m2 ). SV is affected by preload, afterload, and contractility.

Contractility is described using inotropy and inotropic state. Positive Negative( Positive, Negative ) inotropy strengthens the contractile force of the muscle. Negative Positive( Negative, Positive ) inotropy lessens the contractility of the muscle.