What is a theory in counselling?
a set of ideas with clearly defined terms
suspected pathology or diagnosis
a critically evaluated guide for counsellors
A and C
B and C
"Insight into problems is necessary before action to change can occur" is the theory of insight-oriented approach
Insight-oriented approach tries to achieve...?
self-awareness
self-understanding
self-revelation
all of the above
none of the above
Rogerian or Person-centred counselling focuses on...?
direct advice
thoughts
emotions
getting well
What is congruence?
genuineness
healthy conversation
empathy
positive regard
Person-centred counsellors start by...?
building a solid relationship
identifying problems
getting family history
telling the client a little about themselves
An assumption of person-centred counselling is...?
human beings tend toward self-actualisation
undesirable behaviour comes from suppressed emotions
a good therapist can help fix any social problem
people should understand themselves better
Which theory focuses on the exploration of feelings about oneself and others?
person-centred
freudian
existential
gestalt
"it's more of a way of being than any kind of special technique"
narrative
Rogerian counselling involves mutual involvement and sharing of feelings
Psychodynamic therapy involves active listening and reflection of feelings
"Too much client responsibility and ignorant of thoughts and behaviours" is criticism of which theory?
Freudian
Gestalt
CBT
"optimistic philosophy emphasising the potential of humans to learn, grow and self-heal" is which theory?
What did Rogers emphasise as being necessary in a counselling relationship?
congruence, positive regard, emphathy
empathetic understanding, congruence, mindset
warmth, positive regard, openess
openness, congruence, empathy
Being congruent sometimes means talking about your own feelings and thoughts
"focus should always be on the clients needs"
Narrative
Non-judgement is the same as positive regard
Existential counselling prominent psychologists
Freud and Jung
May and Yalom
Rogers and Beers
Wyn and White
Helping a client find the meaning of life and suffering
Psychodynamic
Existential counselling is concerned with...?
accepting and using anxiety constructively
changing undesired behaviour
family dynamics
focusing on the here and now
"Becoming aware of fears such as death and isolation"
rogerian
Frankl attempted to make sense of pain and suffering he witnessed in Nazi Germany concentration camps
"without suffering and death human life cannot be complete"
Frankl
Yalom
Freud
Rogers
"focus of therapy is to help a client "transcend meaningless""
May
Beers
Existential counselling focuses on...?
freedom, taking responsibility, confronting death
emotions, pain, making a change
insight, death, meaninglessness
fear, death, choosing to be alone
"not appropriate for people of low intelligence and does not deal with issues other than anxiety" is criticism for which theory of counselling?
"understanding the human condition"
psychodynamic
"feel your heartbeat; how many beats have you wasted and what are you going to do with the ones you have left?" is a technique used by which theory?
Psychodynamic theory founded by...?
Socrates
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, the unconscious mind...?
contains accessible thoughts and feelings
holds cognitions on the edge of awareness
has the secrets of the soul
Freud attributed major importance to how the unconscious mind influences behaviour
Freud studied the human psyche through analysis of...?
dreams
slips of the tongue
free association of thoughts
A and B
Freudian theory - the source of all drive energy is...?
id
ego
super ego
mother issues
Freud's structure of the psyche is the id, the ego, and the super ego
"the seething cauldron of anger and sexual desires"
"our understanding of the nature of right and wrong; the conscience"
repressed sexual desires
The super ego operates at which level of consciousness?
consciousness
preconsciousness
unconsciousness
all levels
subconsciousness
The ego...?
rationalises and controls impulses of the id
upholds morality
seeks to gratify the id
is uncompromising
"libido" is...?
the propensity for self-preservation and the preservation of the species
the wish to die
the sexual attraction to a parent or family member
the distortion of reality by sexual desires
Freud's instinctual drives are life and death?
Freud's instincts of the psyche can be...?
repressed
expressed
distorted
Freud's instinctual drives can appear altered in expression by defensive mechanisms, what are they?
repression (blocked out)
projection (transference of your own undesirable characteristics)
denial (blocked on a preconscious level)
sublimation (converting impulses into socially acceptable behaviours)
reaction formation (acting the opposite to the way you are feeling)
objectification (seeing people as objects to overcome)
intimidation (belittling an instinct)
observation (acting as though something is happening to someone else)
Freud's instinctual drives can appear altered in expression by defensive mechanisms, what are they? (cont...)
rationalisation (misuse of logic to justify conflict)
displacement (rechanneling an emotional energy from its source to somewhere undeserving)
disappointment (failure of emotional drive)
identification (exaggerated punishment of self for being "bad")
regression (retreat to an earlier stage of development because of fear)
fixation (remaining at one developmental level because of fear)
object relation (insensitivity to others)
"3 types of anxiety"
neurotic
moral
objective
Neurotic anxiety is due to id-ego conflicts
Moral anxiety is...?
id-ego confict
id-super ego conflict
due to real external threats
Defence mechanism - Unconscious action the ego takes to prevent disturbing memories from becoming conscious thoughts
repression
sublimation
denial
projection
Defence mechanism - Putting characteristics that you find undesirable in yourself onto others
displacement
regression
Defence mechanism - Redirection of an impulse to fight with someone
Defence mechanism - Converting forbidden impulses into socially acceptable behaviours
Defence mechanism - Blocking external events from awareness, conscious decision to ignore
Defence mechanism - Reconstruction of our reality to deal with incongruence of our experience and thoughts
rationalisation
Client experiences anxiety from prediction of future events or overanalysing the past; focus on the here and now with which type of counselling?
psychoanalysis
Owning the projection, double chairing, and hot seat are techniques in what type of counselling?
client-centred
In gestalt counselling, clients have to shake off responsibility
In gestalt counselling, what defences do we use to prevent focusing on the here and now?
interjection, projection, retroflection
repression, projection, displacement
Gestalt defence - we just do as we are told without thought
interjection
retroflection
Gestalt defence - blaming aspects of ourselves on the environment
Gestalt defence - doing to ourselves what we desire to do to others
"gimmicky, and manipulative counsellors" is criticism of which theory?
"Externalising a problem"
Creators of narrative counselling
White and Epston
Ellis and Beck
Johnson and Gottmann
Some techniques used in narrative counselling are:
externalising conversations
naming the problem
identifying unique outcomes
free association
double chairing
owning the problem
Insight oriented therapy believes:
if you talk about things eventually you will find a solution
people are inherently good
clear the air and people will return to good well-being
pointing out which thoughts and behaviour are unhelpful will help a client
we can fix a clients problems with a few adjustments in their thinking
Which therapy focuses on exploring difficulties of the past to close them and move on with life?
"gender and culture are the central organising principles of people's lives"
feminist theory
gestalt theory
person-centred theory
narrative theory
Feminist therapies focus on:
dealing with issues of power for those who feel powerless
showing that men and women are not different in development
achieving self-sufficiency to show growth
becoming a man
