❌: the spelling of words

❌: the sound of words

❌: the meaning of words

❌: rules for combining words

❌: making inferences

Types of dyslexia:
❌: intact nonword reading, but poor at reading irregular words; e.g. yacht

❌: intact word reading, poor at reading nonwords; e.g. jink

❌: poor at reading nonwords, plus semantic errors in regular words; e.g. reads 'tulip' as 'rose'

❌: distracting sounds cause the intelligibility of target words to be degraded

❌: cognitive load makes speech perception harder

❌: dividing the almost continuous sounds of speech into separate phonemes and words.

❌: a speaker's production of a phoneme is influenced by their production of the previous sound and by preparation of the next sound.

❌: the finding that listeners are unaware that a phoneme has been deleted and replaced by a non-speech sound within a sentence

❌: the finding that perception of an ambiguous phoneme is biased towards a sound that produces a sound rather than a non-word

❌: when the available perceptual information is consistent with only one word (during spoken word recognition).