The Kidney

Name the 4 components of the urinary system

The function of the urinary system is _________ of the ______. What 3 specific things does it do?

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

What is the renal corpuscle?

What are the 5 parts of the renal tubule?

Where do all the nephrons empty into?

What occurs at the glomerulus?

What are the 3 layers of the glomerular filter? (From inside out)

The fenestrated capillaries allow _______ ______ to remain in the blood, but allow everything else through. The basement membrane is a thick, fused ______ ________ which allows fewer substances through. The filtration slits are so small they allow _______ and ______ _________ through, but anything larger than _________ cannot pass through (4nm).

Which parts of the tubule is responsible for selective reabsorption?

What are the 3 methods by which filtrate can be reabsorbed here?

What type of epithelium do the walls of the PCT have?

Describe the histological features of the epithelium of the PCT

How do these features assist the cells function?

What molecules are reabsorbed in the PCT by active transport?

What else is transported here and how?

What is different about the thin limb of Loop of Henle?

What occurs in the thick ascending loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule?

What kind of epithelium is present here?

What are the characteristics of this epithelium?

What is the predominant process taking place in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

What is the predominant process occurring in the DCT?

What is the purpose of these exchanges?

What occurs in the collecting ducts?

What is the epithelium of the collecting ducts?

What is one special feature of this epithelium?

What controls the water permeability of the collecting duct?

What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

What are the juxtaglomerular cells?

What is the macula densa and what is its function?

What are the lacis cells?

The ureters and the bladder are both ____________ and ____________.

What is the special epithelium that is only found here?

What is transitional epithelium specialised to be?

Transitional epithelium can stretch, and it changes appearance on doing so. Cells become ________ and ________ (more squamous), and the number of ________ may appear less.

Why are urinary infections common?

Why are UTIs more common in women?

How do you prevent cystitis?

Glomerular filtration occurs according to the same principles as in what law?

What is GFR?

What sets the GFR? (2)

What are podocytes?

What are 3 key features of glomerular filtration?

In the peritubular capillaries, plasma _________ _________ becomes greater than __________ ________ so favours ___________. This causes a reverse of Starling's principle to cause ___________ _____________.

How could proteins end up in the urine? (proteinuria)

What are the 2 intrinsic controls of GFR?

What is the bayliss myogenic response?

What is the equation linking blood flow to the pressure and resistance of vessels?

When is this response effective?

What is TGF?

How does the macula densa decrease GFR?

What is the extrinsic control of GFR?

How do they control GFR?

When does this take place? (3)

What are other vasoconstictor hormones which aid this control?

What are 2 major clinical disorders of the kidney?

What is glomerulonephritis?

What is nephrotic syndrome?

What are 3 characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

Give 4 main functions of the kidney.

What are the transport mechanisms present on the apical surface of the tubular epithelial cells? (3)

What transport mechanisms are present on the basolateral surface of the tubular epithelial cells? (2)

How do the symporters/antiporters work?

What is the name of the Na+/glucose symporter and how can it be used clinically?

Name 3 test methods for investigating tubular function.

How does micropuncture work?

What are the 2 types of nephron and which is most common?

What are the differences between them? (2)

What is Fanconi's syndrome and what are the symptoms?

How does the countercurrent multiplier work?

How do 'loop' diuretics work?

What does hypoosmotic mean?

How else can the medullary osmotic gradient be maintained?

What are the 2 types of cell found in the collecting ducts?

What is the function of the intercalated cells?

What is the function of the principal cells?

What is the collecting duct permeable to?

What triggers the secretion of ADH from which endocrine gland?

What effect does ADH have?

Inflammation of the glomeruli is known as ________________________

What can cause obstruction of the kidney tubules?

Name 3 acquired kidney diseases

What is glomerular filtration rate?

What is the urinary excretion rate equal to?

What is a good substance to use to measure GFR and why?

Why is this not used clinically, however?

What is the equation for GFR using inulin?

What is renal clearance?

What is the formula for clearance of a substance?

Which substance is more commonly used to measure GFR and why?

What is the slight disadvantage of using this?

What is GFR directly proportional to?

What else can be used to estimate GFR?

How does this estimate GFR?

When can this be useful?

What does it mean if a substance has clearance equal to GFR?

What does it mean if a substance has clearance > GFR?

What does it mean if the substance has clearance < GFR?

At normal blood glucose concentrations, what is the clearance of glucose and how is this achieved?

At what concentration of plasma glucose is the renal threshold reached? And what happens at concentrations above this point?

What is Tm?

Why is there often some glucose in the urine at plasma concentrations between 15 and 20 mM?

Why would glucose not be a good substance to use in measuring GFR?

What other substances have clearance values < GFR? (9)

What substances have clearance > GFR? (6)

What can PAH be used for?

Using the same equation as in clearance and GFR, _______ ________ ______ can be calculated.

Why is this?

What is the filtration fraction?

How is it calculated?

What role does the kidney play in drug excretion?

What does ADME stand for in relation to drugs?

What is the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics?

What determines whether a drug can be filtered through the kidneys or not?

A lot of drugs do not travel ________ in circulation, but _______ to _________ such as ____________. An example of this is ___________.

What is the clinical relevance of this in the context of warfarin?

How do charged drugs get secreted into the tubule to be excreted?

What is the clinical significance of the carriers being non-specific?

How is passive reabsorption of drugs assisted by water movement?

What are 2 major groups of diuretics?

Where are the 6 possible sites of action of diuretics?

What is one example of a diuretic that only affects water excretion? How does it work?

What are the 4 types of diuretic that affect eletrolyte excretion?

What do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do? An Example?

Give an example of a loop diuretic and explain how they work.

What are potential side effects of this?

Give 2 examples of K+ sparing diuretics and explain how they work.