Postural muscles remain tonically active during quiet stance to maintain the body in an upright, narrowly confined position?
What muscles are tonically active during quiet stance?
Quadriceps, gastrocnemius - soleus complex, tibialis anterior, Hamstrings, abdominals
Gastrocnemus-Soleus complex, tibialis anterior, Hamstrings, eretor spinae
Gastrocnemus-Soleus complex, tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, TFL, thoracic spinae
A postural strategy is a type of abnormal muscle synergy.
What are the 3 types of compensatory postural strategies?
Ankle Strategy
Hip Strategy
Stepping Strategy
Jumping Strategy
Medial-Lateral Strategy
Anterior-posterior strategy
What strategy occurs in response to small perturbation and firm support surfaces?
What strategy occurs to larger/faster perturbations, or when support surface is compliant?
What strategy occurs in response to large/fast perturbations and when ankle or trunk musculature is weak?
Hip strategy
Stepping strategy
What occurs during ankle strategy?
Small Perturbations on a firm support surface
Large Perturbation on a compliant surface
Muscles Fire Proximal to Distal
Muscles Fire Distal to Proximal
Muscles firing in forward sway: Gastrocnemius > Hamstrings > Para spinals
Muscles Fire in a Forward sway: Abdominals > Quadriceps
Muscles fire in Backward induced sway: Para spinals > Hamstrings
Muscles fire in Backward induced sway: Tibialis anterior > Quadriceps > Abdominal muscles
What are the components in the stance phase of the gait cycle (Rancho Los Amigos Terminology)?
Initial Contact
Heel Strike
Loading Response
Foot Flat
Midstance
Terminal Stance
Heel Off
Pre Swing
Toe Off
Adaptive (Reactive) Postural Control occurs in response to destabilizing forces or perturbations. (EXTERNAL FORCE)
Anticipatory (Proactive) Postural Control occurs in preparation of selfinitiated voluntary movements that have the potential to destabilize the body.
What part of the brain plays an important role when interpreting where the body is in space? This includes motion or stationary.
Basal Ganglia
Pons
Cerebellum
Right and Left Hemispheres
The somatosensory input provides information about position movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces.
Check all that apply to the vestibular input.
Provides brain with inforation about position of movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces.
The Semicircular canals sense angular acceleration.
Otoliths sense vertical and horizontal acceleration of the head.
Is the Strongest of the 3 inputs
Being in the dark inhibits or comprimises the vestibular input.
Adults rely heavily on _______ input where kids rely heavily on _______.
Somatosensory, Visual
Visual, Somatosensory
Vestibular, Somatosensory
Somatosensory, Vestibular
The SOT/CTSIB measures body sway under 6 different conditions.
Stance Phase occupies how much time in the gait cycle?
60 %
40 %
20 %
10 %
The three essential requirements of successful gait are?
Progression, Stability, Adaptation
Progression, Adaptation, Movement
Proprioception, Progression, Adaptation
The Swing Phase occupies how much of the gait cycle?
80 %
Step Length:
The distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the other foot. Normal young adult step length is 76.3 cm (30 inches)
The distance covered from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact by the same foot
Horizontal distance between the middle heel of one foot and the middle heel of the opposite foot.
The number of steps per unit of time (usually steps per minute). Normal young adult mean cadence is 112.5 steps/min or 1.9 steps/second
Stride Length:
The distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the other foot. Normal young adult step length is 76.3 cm (30 inches).
The distance covered from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact by the same foot.
Horizontal distance between the middle heel of one foot and the middle heel of the opposite foot
Step Width:
What should the ankle be doing at each phase in the gait cycle?
Initial Contact - 0 degrees
Loading Response 0-15 degrees
Mid Stance 15 degrees PF, 10 degrees DF
Terminal Stance 10 degrees DF to 0 degrees
PreSwing 0-20 degrees PF
Initial Swing 20-10 degrees PF
Mid Swing 10 degrees PF to 0 degrees
Terminal Swing 0 degrees
What is the Hip doing during the gait cycle?
Initial Contact 30 degrees flexion
Loading Response 30 degrees flexion
Mid Stance 30-0 degrees
Terminal Stance 0-10 degrees extension
Pre swing 10 degrees extension to 0 degrees
Initial Swing 0-20 degrees Flexion
Mid Swing 20-30 degrees flexion
Terminal Swing 30 degrees flexion
What is the knee doing during the gait cycle?
Initial Contact 0 degrees
Mid Stance 15-0 degrees
Terminal Stance 0 degrees
Pre Swing 0-35 degrees Flexion
Initial Swing 35-60 degrees Flexion
Mid Swing 60-30 degrees Flexion
Terminal Swing 30-0 degrees
Check all that are true:
As the swing leg advances, the pelvis rotates forward 5 degrees in the horizontal plane to increase the relative leg length. This strategy minimizes downward displacement of the COM.
Lateral pelvic tilt: At midstance the contralateral pelvis drops in the frontal plane to lower the body and thus minimize upward displacement of the COM.
The motion of the pelvis helps ‘smooth out’ gait so there is less up and down (vertical) motion.
Knee flexion during swing lengthens the length of the leg allowing the foot to clear the ground thus also increasing upward displacement of the COM.
During terminal stance, the lower extremity is elongated via ankle plantarflexion (i.e. heel rise).
For individuals with impaired balance, an increase in step width will decrease stability and sacrifice energy efficiency.
Lateral pelvic/hip motion: Reducing step width minimizes the medial-lateral displacement of the COM (i.e. during weight shifts).
What statements are TRUE
An individual dx with Parkinson's Disease will have a delayed activation of postural synergies.
Coactivation occurs when both the anterior and posterior synergy muscles Fire simultaneously.
An individual with a cerebellar lesion has difficult scaling amplitude
Hypermetric scaling problems occur do to LMN.
Individuals with a UMN that are engaged with dual tasks will have a decrease in postural sway.
Select all that are true for Static Balance
Being able to maintain one's COM within their BOS independently in a static position.
Can only be done in a seated position
Measure only anticipatory postural control.
Measures both anticipatory and adaptive postureal control
Clinical acceptance is being able to hold their balance for 15 sec .
Clinical acceptance is being able to hold their balance 30 sec.
Select what is TRUE for Dynamic balance
Refers to the individuals ability to maintain their COM over their BOS, or independently be able to recover when the COM approaches their limits of stability.
Is when an individual is unable to recover when the COM approaches their limits of stability.
Can be used to asses anticipatory and adaptive postural control
Is done is only standing
Can be done in both standing and seated
How is vertical displaement minimized?
Horizontal pelvic rotation: As the swing leg advances, the pelvis rotates forward 5 degrees in the horizontal plane to increase the relative leg length. This strategy minimizes downward displacement of the COM.
Knee flexion during stance and swing phase: Knee flexion during stance phase limits the maximum upward displacement of the COM. Knee flexion during swing shortens the length of the leg allowing the foot to clear the ground thus also minimizing upward displacement of the COM
Ankle rotation (dorsiflexion-plantarflexion): At heel contact the protruding calcaneous makes contact with the ground and functionally elongates the leg length. In addition, during terminal stance, the lower extremity is elongated via ankle plantarflexion (i.e. heel rise). Thus at both ends of stance phase downward displacement of the COM is minimized.
What compensation results in elevation of the ipsilateral of the swing phase to help clear the foot from the ground?
Circumduction
Hip-Hiking
Vaulting
What compensation is occuring when the individual raises up on the forefoot of the contralateral stance limb in order to clear the affected limb?
Hip Hiking
What compensation is occurring when the affected limb swings out to the side rather than bringing it forward?,
What way does the trunk lean during compensation to allow for the swing limb to clear the floor?
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Anterior
Posterior
None of the above
