1.1 Filipino Ancestors

• mes – half white foreigner and half Filipino
• Prossor . Ot Be - historian/geologist, asserts that Philippines was populated by groups of people coming from various parts of Southeast Asia (waves of migration theory)

Origin of Early Filipinos Theory
1. Ta Man - Homo saps, in tabon cave, Palawan, used sto tools
2. Ho Erec Philippisis – used similar tools as those used by Peg man of China and Ja man of Indonesia

* Migration Theory *
1. Neos – small, black-skinned, thick lipped, kinky hair, via land bridges
2. Insians – tall & thin, medium sized nose, thin lips, slightly fair skin, via boat
3. Mas – brown complexion, medium built & height, straight hair, flat nose, via sailboats

* Subsequent migrants
1. Hins
2. Ars
3. Chise

1.2 Early Government and Law

1 - - early Filipinos basic unit of governance, came from the word bangay or balanghai
• Balang - sea vessel used by the first inhabitants in coming to the country
• or Rajah - head of the village, bore the name Gat or Lakan, eldest male of royal family
• - covenant between leaders to show agreement on issues or plans, or to show solidarity
• or Code - oldest known body of laws, written by Datu Sumakwel
• Code of Kalan - 2nd oldest written code
• Council of Ads - advises the Datu
• Umaloh - announces law the to the public

* Number of Families in Barangay:
Luzon: 30 -00
Visayas: 15 - 0
Other places: 300 - 000

Trials to determine guilt or innocence usually left to Divine Providence or fe.

* Duties of Datu:
1. Make and Enforce Lw
2. Acts as Jud
3. Command the wars
4. Conduct busis transactions with other barangays
5. Led relius rituals
6. Defd his people
7. Dece on issues and matters according to the laws

* Major crime punishments:
1. Deh Penalty
2. payment of fines
3. sold to slay

* Minor crime punishments:
1.beings
2. torture in an ahill
3. payment of ler fines
4. long hours swig

1.2 Early Government and Law

2 - - government system of the Muslims
• - heads of a sultanate, richest and most powerful, governed according to the Qur’
• - holy book of the Muslims
• - principal assistant of the sultan
• Council of Ims - Muslim religious leaders, advises the Sultan
• Law - prevents the rule of anary or lawlessness, and provides peace and order.

*Roles of Sultan:
1. Make comms and enacts ls
2. Primary relius leader

1.3 - Early Filipino Society

D or village leader - administrator of the village or community

3 Social Classes:
1. Rol or Noe group – mahara, community leaders; datu, rajah, sultan, lakan & their relatives
2. Fmen - tima; warriors, business and trade owners, serves the datu or members of the maharlika
3. Sls - alin

2 Types of Alipin/Slaves:
1. aliping namaay - serfs, served their owners in their home
2. aliping sagiid - true slave, could be sold, do hard work outside the house

3 kinds of slaves in Visayas
1. ayu - serve his lord all of his life
2. tumaram - had it’s own home, serves the datu once a day
3. tumata - only need when there’s occasions and merrymaking

2 ways of farming:
1. sl-and-bn or kain method - in highlands, portion of forest burned to make way for planting
2. w r method - in lowlands, plain land is tiled

1.4 Early Filipino Culture

*Type of Dwellings
1. Cs - permanent, settlers had to leave to search for food
2. Ni H - bahay-kubo, made of bamboo, wood, pawid; have batalan (bathroom) and silong (storeroom)
3. Co Houses - near coastline, rise above the water
4. Bs - house of Badjaos of Sulu
5. Trop Houses - prevents sudden attacks by enemies

*Clothing of Men:
1. kang - jacket-type upper shirt, collarless with short sleeves, worn by men
2. bah - loin cloth, covers the lower part of the body
3. put - headgear

*Clothing of Women:
1. kami or bar - upper body clothing
2. say or patadyo - wide skirt
3. tap - additional cover, wrapped around the skirt

1.4 Early Filipino Culture
*Marriage, Inheritance
paninil - man serves the family of his woman
dot or bigay-kaya - dowry given by the man’s family to the woman’s family
asa - man’s legal wife
children of the lel wife -  inherits the family’s wealth

*Education
alia - early alphabet, 17 letters - 3 vowels, 14 consonants
tree bk or les - used as papers

*Father-Son-Education
1. fing
2. fang
3. sh building
4. hing
5. waors

*Mother-Daughter-Education
1. cong
2. seng
3. hoe cleaning
4. garning

1.4 Early Filipino Culture

Literature
1. kasan or sag - statements full of knowledge or wisdom, from experience of old folks
2. bugt or rids - short puzzles
3. he or lulls - induce child to sleep
4. ep - narrative about a legendary or historical hero
5. reve and other sos – used of celebrations

*Epics
1. Hudh - about Ifugaos hero, Aliguyon
2. Biag ni Lam- - about Ilocanos hero, Lam-ang
3. Indarapat and Sulaym, about Muslim heros

*Music instruments
1. ban - aetas
2. kudy - Samar
3. timb or timbrel - Cebu
4. kutib - Ilocanos
5. kala - nose flute, Tinguians

*Dances
1. warr dance - aetas
2. masca - tagbanuas
3. kintan - ant’s dance, ilocanos
4. dandan - visayas
5. kumin - batangas

*Mourning
1. magla -  mourning of a dead man
2. moro - dead woman
3. larao - datu

1.5 Early Filipino Religions

*** 1 - Early Folk Religion - *** 
worship of nature, gods and goddesses

• Bata - supreme God
• kataan - male native priest
• baban - female native priest
• pasm - 9th night after the death of a person, celebrated
• Fo Christianity - mixed Christian and native beliefs, with the coming of Catholicism

Nature worship: sun, moon, stars, rives, mountains, trees

*Anito / Lesser Gods
1. Idian - god of farming
2. Apol - god of wars and battles
3. Sid - god of death
4. Balang - god of rainbow
5. Ag - god of fire
6. Lalah - god of harvest

*Evil creatures belief
1. asg - bat-like human monster
2. tikng - giant horse like creature
3. lang-lu - malevolent nature spirit

*Magic & Witchcraft belief
1. mangkum - native witch
2. mambaang - witch mutilating body parts
3. agt or anting-anting – amulet to defend witch wagic
4. albryo - witch doctor 

1.5 Early Filipino Religions

*** 2 - ISLAM  ****
“To surder to the of Gd”

• Muhad the Prophet - founder
• Mum - follower of Islam
• Alh - one true God of Islam
• Tn Masha – arrived in Sulu and spread Islam
• Q’an - holy book of Islam
• Mec - holiest city for Muslim, where prophet Muhammad was born
• Kab - sacred shrine, black stone kissed by Muslim pilgrimage in Mecca
• Jih - doing best in what a person does
• Mos - place where Muslim worship Allah
• Im - muslim priest

*5 Pillars of faith of Islam
1. Prossion of Fth or Shah - says the profession
2. Prr or St - prays 5 times a day
3. Aling or Zt - giving of alms and service to the poor/orphaned
4. Fasg or Sn - not drinking & eating on Ramadan
5. Pilge to Ma or H - going to Mecca

1.6 Early Filipino Technologies

• nod - never stays in on 1 place
• archlogist - studies the remains or relics of the olden times –
H. Ber
• anthrologist - studies the culture and way of living of ancient people e- Robert Fx

1. Palithic Period 
tools: rough sts, tws, animal bs
living: hung, gathering frs

2. Nlithic Period
tools: pointed bams, smooth and pointed sts, animals
living: fang

3. Mel Age
3.1 Early Metal Age - tn, jade, clay, seashells -> used in making jewelry
3.2 Advanced Metal Age - 
tools: irn (sword, bow and arrows, knives, blo, arro for cultiviating soil),
jde used for jewelry
living: potry, back-lm weaving

1.7 Commerce and Trade by the Early Filipinos

Agrie – main source of livelihood

Ways of agriculture
1. Tid lands
2. Kain
3. Terd Planting

Other Livelihood Activities
1. Poul Raising
2. Fig
3. Mig
4. Lumbg
5. Sh Building
6. Weg

1.7 Commerce and Trade by the Early Filipinos

Bar system – mode of trade, exchanging goods and products without using mo

Inter comme – using boats in carrying and delivering products

Foreign Traders Products
1. Arabs – brware, metware, rus, ceras
2. Chinese – jrs, jde, umbres, mirrs, gngs, porces, texts
3. Japanese -
4. Orang Dampuans – from Indoch Penina

1.7 Commerce and Trade by the Early Filipinos

Foreign Traders influence
1. Arabs – Isl, Arabic alphabet & Nume System, Calen
2. Chinese – dishes - lump, pans, siop; words – bih, kuy, misw, bila, ate; use of umblla and porlain
Japanese – making Japanese farm implements, weaps, jewey

1.7 Commerce and Trade by the Early Filipinos

Write: A = arabs, C = Chinese

Islam =
jars =
brassware =
lumpiya =
miswa =
metalware =
rugs =
jade =
umbrellas =
mirrors =
Calendar =
bilao =
textiles =
ceramics =
porcelains =
gongs =