All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:
species resistance
phagocytosis
cell-mediated immunity
mechanical and chemical barriers
The body's first line(s) of defense is(are) the:
skin
mucous membranes
inflammatory response
all except inflammatory response
Inflammation mediators include:
histamine
kinins
prostoglandins
all of the above
The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:
neutrophil
histocyte
microglia
Kupffer cell
The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as "not self" is called:
nonspecific immunity
specific immunity
autoimmune
none of the above
All of the following are major types of interferon except_________interferon.
cartilage
leukocyte
immune
fibroblast
B cell mechanisms are classified as ________immunity.
nonspecific
antibody-mediated
cell-mediated
Both A and B are correct
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:
antigens
plasma proteins
antibodies
prostaglandins
Memory Cells:
immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed
are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production.
are a special type of T cell.
become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen
The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of ______amino acids.
50
77
106
168
An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of ___heavy and ___ light polypeptide chains.
two:two
four:two
two:four
four:four
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:
IgE
IgG
IgM
IgA
Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?
The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
Part of the inflammatory response
A major component of the body's third line of defense
A nonspecific defense
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva
IgD
The function of which antibody is basically unknown?
The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:
The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:
Complement can best be described as a(n):
enzyme in blood
lymphokine
antibody
hormone
The complement system can be activated by:
the binding of complement protein 1 to the complement-binding site on the antibody molecule.
the binding of complement protein 3 to bacteria or viruses in the presence of properdin
nonspecific immune mechanisms
the chemicals secreted by the lymphocytes
the proximity of the lymphocytes to the antigens.
the shapes of receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane
producing toxins.
Which of the following can activate complement?
T Cells
Interferon
Properdin
Lymphokin
Which of the following is true of lymphokines?
They are produced by B cells.
They inhibit macrophage activity
Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine
They are produced by helper T cells
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:
antigens and antibodies
T cells and B cells
red blood cells and white blood cells
agglutinogens and agglutinins
Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell?
Binding to its specific antibody
Binding to its specific antigen
Helper T Cell
All B cells are activated when an infant is born
The part of the antibody that combines with the antigen is the:
variable region
constant region
carbohydrate chain
complement-binding site
The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called:
pathogens
lymphokines
lymphotoxins
suppressor cells
The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be ______immunity.
active natural
passive natural
active artificial
passive artificial
When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called______immunity.
acquired
natural
active
All of above are correct
Interferon inhibits the spread of:
viruses
bacteria
cancer
yeast
Examples of lymphocytes are:
B cells
T cells
Both A and B
Macrophages sensitize:
None of the above
Which type of cells is not involved in nonspecific immunity?
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?
Hydrochloric Acid
sebum
complement
Hydrolyzing enzymes
Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?
Heat
Redness
Swelling
All of the above are characteristics of inflammation
Which antibody has 10 antigen-binding sites?
Which antibody had four antigen-binding sites?
Which antibody has two antigen-binding sites?
Which of the following is not caused by complement protein activity?
Vasodilation
Agglutination of antigens
Cytolysis
All of the above are caused by complement protein activity
The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called:
innate immunity
self-tolerance
adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity is also called ______immunity
innate
specific
species
Which substance produced by the skin contains pathogens-inhibiting agents?
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Enzymes
Sebum
Which substance can destroy pathogens by chemically hydrolyzing them?
Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function?
Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?
The release of chemicals that attract white blood cells
The formation of antibodies
The increase of blood flow to the inflamed area
All of the above are part of the inflammation response.
The release of histamine
The increase in vascular permeability
The stimulation of fibroblast growth
All of the above are part of the inflammation response
When an antigen attaches to a naïve B cell, it becomes a(n) _______cell.
memory
plasma
effector B
All of the above are correct
In the first stage of their development, B cells are known by all of the following except ______B cells.
effector
naive
inactive
virgin
If a blood test indicated that a person had a high level of IgM antibodies in the blood, it could be concluded that:
the person's body is responding to a re-exposure to an antigen
the person's body is responding to the initial exposure to an antigen
the person has an increasing likelihood that he will become allergic to an antigen
no conclusion could be made
Which is the best explanation of how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?
The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it
The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and chemotaxis destroys it
The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then diapedesis destroys it.
Which is the best explanation of how complement --a group of 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma and on cell surfaces--is active and produces cytolysis?
Complement is "turned on" by the presence of bacteria
Complement is activated by antibodies to "drill a hole" into foreign cells, thus causing cytolysis
Complement causes vasoconstriction and inhibits phagocytosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a(n):
B cell-mediated condition
T cell-mediated condition
autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked
isoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked
When a patient starts to have rejection problems with a transplanted organ, the problems are usually caused by:
a B cell-mediated condition
human leukocyte antigens (HALs)
self-antigens
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) damages the immune system by ____cells.
invading memory
invading T
overproduction of B
overproduction of plasma
Why is it difficult to predict the total number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases that will result from known HIV-infected patients?
After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years
The current treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alters the infected cells.
Infected cells begin to change only after azidothymidine (AZT) treatment is started.
So many people have received the vaccine that there is no way to count who actually is infected
Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection?
The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.
Because rejection is caused by an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens, giving immune suppression drugs would reduce the effect.
Rejecting involves antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE triggered by repeated exposure to an allergen, which in this case is the transplanted organ
Delayed allergic response occurs with transplanted organs, so immune suppressive drugs would reduce the allergic response and decrease rejection.
Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?
It would stop the virus from traveling over the sensory nerve of a single dermatome.
It would cause an increase in white blood cells.
It would inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing
It would assist in the development of lymphocytes in the spleen.
Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the springtime, and is seeking help to overcome her allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?
It would counter the effects of the self-antigen reaction.
It would replace the allergen with a different chemical and this reduce her symptoms
It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions cause by the allergen.
It would reduce the amount of human leukocyte antigen in her system.
Steven had mumps as a child. Why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus?
He had an injection with weakened virus shortly before he was exposed.
He had natural passive immunity to ward off the virus.
He had artificial passive immunity that he received from his brother after he had the mumps.
He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.
Lymphocyte that attacks pathogens directly.
Phagocytosis
Specific Immunity
Macrophage
Antibody
B Cell
Nonspecific Immunity
Antigen
T Cell
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
Non Specific Immunity
Mechanisms that provide specific protection against types of bacteria or toxins
Macromolecule that induces the immune system to produces antibodies
B cell
Mechanisms that resist a variety of threatening agent or conditions
Anitbody
Protein produced by the immune system to interfere with the ability of viruses to cause disease
Substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen
lymphocyte that produces antibodies that attack pathogens or direct other cells to attack them.
phagocytic monocyte (nongranular WBC) in the immune system
antibody that is found in tears and saliva
the predominate class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen
antibody that is associated with allergies
antibody whose precise function is not yet known
predominant class of antibody produced in the secondary response to an antigen
A person gets a flu shot to keep from getting the flu
Natural active immunity
Natural passive Immunity
Artificial active immunity
Artificial passive immunity
a person has had the mumps and is protected from getting them again
Natural passive immunity
a mother passes antibodies to her baby
after exposure to hepatitis A, a person is given a gamma globulin (IgG) shot to keep him from getting hepatitis
