Zusammenfassung der Ressource
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What is classical conditioning?
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is operant conditioning?
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What is the first assumption of the behaviourist approach?
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Learning occurs through association between stimulus and response
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Learning occurs through consequences of behaviour
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to investigate what happens between the stimulus and response
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What is the second assumption of the behaviourist approach?
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to investigate what happens between the stimulus and response
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the conditioning of involuntary behaviour
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Learning can occur through the consequences of behaviour
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What is a disadvantage of the behaviourist approach?
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What is the first assumption of the cognitive approach?
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What is the second assumption of the cognitive approach?
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What are cognitive mediating factors?
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Memory, Attention, Thinking
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Memory, Attention, Motor Reproduction
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What is the first assumption of the humanistic approach?
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Each individual is unique, with individual needs, thoughts, feelings and experiences
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Humans have free will and are basically good-striving towards personal growth and self-actualisation
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What is the second assumption of the humanistic approach?
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Humans have free will are and are basically good-striving towards personal growth and self-actualisation
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Each individual is unique, with individual needs, thoughts, feelings and experiences
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What is self-actualisation?
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What is self concept?
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Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves as individuals, based on experience (self esteem measures this)
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How we would ideally like to think and feel about ourselves
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What is Ideal Self?
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Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves as individuals, based in experience (self-esteem measures this)
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How we would ideally like to think and feel about ourselves
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What is incongruence?
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Having large differences between self-concept and ideal self (can lead to low self esteem and psychological problems such as unipolar depression)
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Having little or no difference between self-concept and ideal self. Being congruent is important for psychological health.
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What is congruence?
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Having large differences between self concept and ideal self (can lead to low self esteem and psychological problems such as unipolar)
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Having little or no difference between self-concept and ideal self. Being congruent is important for psychological health.
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What is conditions of worth?
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A child is only loved and accepted if their behaviour is deemed to be unacceptable
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According to rogers, a child is only loved and accepted if their behaviour is deemed to be acceptable
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What is the first assumption of social learning theory?
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Learning takes place by watching and copying others
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Takes into account mediating cognitive factors - ARMM - Attention, Retention, Motivation, Motor Reproduction
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What is the second assumption of the social learning theory?
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Takes into account mediating cognitive factors - ARMM - Attention, Retention, Motivation and Motor Reproduction
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Learning takes place by watching and copying others
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What is the evidence to support the social learning theory?
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What is direct reinforcement?
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If a model receives reinforcement for their behaviour this might affect whether the behaviour is likely to be copied
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If a person copies a models behaviour and is then rewarded for it, this may affect whether they demonstrate the behaviour again.
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What is vicarious reinforcement?
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If a person copies a models behaviour and is then rewarded for it, this may affect whether they demonstrate the behaviour again
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If a model receives reinforcement for their behaviour this might affect whether the behaviour is likely to be copied
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What is the 1st assumption of the psychodynamic approach?
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What is the second assumption of the psychodynamic approach?
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Works on the reality principle and tries to keep the demands of the ID in check by finding a socially acceptable way of satisfying it
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Works on the need principle and is responsible for instinctual urges
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What is the superego?
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Works on the need principle, that is responsible for instinctual urges
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Works on the moral principle (ideas about right and wrong)
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What are the 3 defence mechanisms?
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Repression, Displacement and Identification
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Repression, Interference, Trace Decay
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What is repression?
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What is displacement?
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What is Identification?
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What is the oral stage?
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Libido is focused on the mouth and the main source of conflict is weaning. Too much or too little satisfaction leads to fixation. This stage is purely ID driven.
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Libido focused on the anus and the main source of conflict is potty training. The ego develops. Too much satisfaction = child anally retentive e.g. OCD and too little satisfaction = child being anally expulsive e.g. very untidy
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What is the anal stage?
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Libido focused on the anus and the main source of conflict is potty training. The ego develops. Too much satisfaction = child anally retentive e.g. OCD and too little satisfaction = child being anally expulsive e.g. very untidy
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Child learns about external world. Libido concentrated on acquiring new skills, friendships and school
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What is the phallic stage?
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Libido focused on the genitals. Oedipus and electra conflict and as a result of identification, child takes on same sex parents ideas, thoughts,values and behaviours etc
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The aim of this study is to achieve independance and sexual maturity. According to Freud that is the development of personality - he didnt believe later experiences would change a person