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Influence of the media:
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media portrayals of crime include real world crime reporting (newscasts) and fictional stories (CSI shows, movies)
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by age 18- average child has seen 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV, video games, etc.
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is bad
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1940s passed law making it illegal to produce comics about crime (said to increase psychopathology among young people)
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Behaviourism derives from positivism and says an individuals identity was shaped by their responses to the external environment
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The Hypodermic Syringe Model says:
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Media is a syringe
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Media "injects" values into the mind of the receiver (person watching)
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Media positively influences viewers
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Media negatively influences viewers
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Which are true of the Columbine shooting?
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According to Stanley Cohen, a moral panic is a condition episode, person or group of people emerges to become designed as a threat to societal values & interests
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Cohen identifies 5 key features of moral panics:
1. media takes an [blank_start]ordinary[blank_end] event and presents it as [blank_start]extraordinary[blank_end] (exaggerations)
2. deviance amplification occurs when [blank_start]authorities[blank_end] demonize these wrong doers
3. they clarify moral boundaries in society, creating [blank_start]consensus & concern[blank_end]
4. they occur during periods of [blank_start]rapid[blank_end] social change
5. usually [blank_start]young[blank_end] people are targeted as they symbolize the future of society
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ordinary
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normal
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non criminal
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abnormal
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something bad
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extraordinary
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authorities
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police
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courts
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judges
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panic
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consensus & concern
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problems
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rapid
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decreased
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zero
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old
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middle aged
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young
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different races
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what is a moral entrepreneur?
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A. person, group, organization that takes lead in identifying behaviours as deviant (in need of legal sanctions)
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B. tend to be people with wealth, power, political clout & time
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C. Mass media acts as agents of moral indignation by actively searching for social problems & deviant people to demonize
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D. All of the above
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Goode & Ben-Yehuda listed 5 criteria to distinguish between legitimate problems & moral panics:
1. [blank_start]Concern[blank_end]- "heightened level about a problem" (often fanned by media attention, action groups, legislative initiative)
2. [blank_start]Hostility[blank_end]- Increased level toward a targeted group
3. [blank_start]Consensus[blank_end]- agreement among members of society that threat posed is real & serious
4. [blank_start]Disproportionality[blank_end]: level of concern is out of proportion to actual seriousness of threat (Exaggerations)
5. [blank_start]Volatility:[blank_end] sudden appearance and then disappearance of "threat" (no explanation)
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Concern
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Hostility
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Consensus
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Disproportionality
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Volatility
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What is the grassroots model?
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roots describing moral panics and why they create public concern
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model saying moral panics begin with no real public concern, media then makes it a concern
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roots of grass
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moral panics begin with genuine public concern about a problem, politicians and media become involved in response
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The elite-engineered model is:
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small groups of people who disprove moral panics, putting attention on serious social problems
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powerful groups set out to deliberately create moral panics by diverting public attention away from serious social problems
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both 1 and 2
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none of the above
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the interest group theory is the most widely used approach to moral panics, saying media, politicians, professional groups, religious organizations may act independently and may believe they are acting in best interests of society
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Burns & Crawford argue that public fear generated by [blank_start]6[blank_end] school shootings in [blank_start]2[blank_end] years meets definition of [blank_start]moral panic[blank_end], they say for a moral panic you need involvement of [blank_start]public[blank_end], [blank_start]media[blank_end] & [blank_start]politicians[blank_end]
[blank_start]Folk Devils[blank_end]: originating from folklore, refers to people or groups presented in media as deviant outsiders and the cause of social problems
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6
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2
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moral panic
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public
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media
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politicians
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Folk Devils
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Active Audiences are:
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people who do not believe in moral panics
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people who actively consume media
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people who do not consume media messages passively, rather the meaning of those messages is negotiated or constructed through interaction between producer and consumer
Frage 14
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is a narrative that is easily understood
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is a problem in media
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focuses on something extraordinarily bad that affects many people
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crime news excludes other types
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calls out for a solution to problem
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In terms of Newsworthiness:
1. [blank_start]Threshold[blank_end]: is the story significant enough to be of interest to a national
audience?
2. [blank_start]Predictability[blank_end]: Vital resources are often committed to pre-planned events
3. [blank_start]Simplification[blank_end]: crime story must be reducible to a minimum number of parts or themes
4.[blank_start]Individualism[blank_end] :Stories must have a human interest appeal and be easy to relate to
5. [blank_start]Risk[blank_end]: We could all be victims with little attention to crime avoidance
6. [blank_start]Sex:[blank_end] sexual violence, "stranger-danger" and female offenders being portrayed as sexual predators
7. [blank_start]Celebrity[blank_end] or high status person: The media is attracted to all elements of celebrity and crime
8. [blank_start]Proximity[blank_end]: Both spatially and culturally
9. [blank_start]Violence[blank_end] : it fulfills the media's desire for drama
10. Spectacle and [blank_start]graphic imagery[blank_end] : particularly for television news
11. [blank_start]Children[blank_end]: either as victims or offenders
12. [blank_start]Conservative Ideology[blank_end] and political diversion : protecting the "British way of life"
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Threshold
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True
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Truth
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Predictability
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Probability
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problems
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Simplification
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Simplify
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Simple
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Individuals
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Individualism
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Single
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Risk
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Threat
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Attention
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Sex
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Violent
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Sexual Predators
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Celebrity
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famous
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Politician
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Proximity
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Spread out
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Politics
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Violence
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Sex crimes
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Violent crimes
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graphic imagery
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geographic imagery
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imagery
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Children
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Child
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Adolescents
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Young
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Conservative Ideology
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Ideology
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Conservation
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In media portrayals, people of colour (POC) are commonly represented as normal, non- criminals
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In terms of violent women offenders, the media employ 8 narratives:
1. [blank_start]Sexuality & Sexual Deviance[blank_end]: women committing very serious offences are rare, especially if reference can be made to their sexuality
Categorized as either: (a) sexually [blank_start]promiscuous[blank_end] (vamp) or (b) sexually [blank_start]inexperienced[blank_end] (virgin)
ex. Aileen Wuronos: "first female serial killer" - claimed each of 7 victims tried to rape her (self-defence)
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives:
2. [blank_start]Physical Attractiveness[blank_end]: women subject to intense scrutiny about appearance
*women are either described in a Lombrosian way ([blank_start]unattractive[blank_end] women) or as [blank_start]femme fatals[blank_end] (snare their victims with good looks)
ex. Ken & Barbie (Karla Homolka)
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Physical Attractiveness
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Appearance
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Physical Appearance
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unattractive
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ugly
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non appealing
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femme fatals
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attractive
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physically good looking
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives:
3. [blank_start]Bad Wives[blank_end]: martial status, family background & children have impact on female defendants
-women are considered housewives
-epitome of this is a women who kills [blank_start]husband[blank_end]
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives: what is true?
4. Bad Mothers:
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small fraction of serious criminals
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female offenders involved in sexual abuse & killing of children
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ensures media interest
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represent large fraction of serious violent crimes of women offenders
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives:
5. [blank_start]Mythical Monsters[blank_end]: media constructions of women offenders derive from pagan mythology, Judeo-Christian theology, classical art & literature (e.g. witches, vampires, Satanists)
-aligned infamous female criminals to these mythical monsters
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Mythical Monsters
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Mythological Maids
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Myths
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Mythological Ideologies
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives: what is true of:
6. Mad Cows
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Women advised by lawyers to plead guilty
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64% females compared to 30% males use psychiatric pleas
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results in women being labelled 'psychotic' for life
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women become crazy after committing violent acts
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives: what does this mean?
7. Evil manipulators
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In terms of violent women offenders, 8 narratives:
8. [blank_start]Non-Agents[blank_end]: women viewed as either big children or as man
2 crimes in which women avoid label of "evil", but imply the non-agency of women:
[blank_start]spousal homicide[blank_end]
[blank_start]infanticide[blank_end]
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Non-Agents
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spousal homicide
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infanticide
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The ideal victim comes from a majority status background and is:
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white, weak, female, sick, old, young or combination
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going about legal activities at time of victimization
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unrelated to/unacquainted with offender (stranger on stranger crimes)
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victimized by ethnic minority male
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all of above
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Police are often portrayed as "hyper competent" (heroic crime fighters) but this can exaggerate public expectation for real-life police performances
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recording, by a citizen/witness of an incident to hold bureaucratic organization to account (police may abuse power)
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unlike surveillance (top-down) where central authority watches those below it, sousveillance is (bottom-up) watching the watchers
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recording citizens who are doing wrong
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recording authorities
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what is the CSI effect?
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the notion that jury members expect to see high level of forensic evidence to arrive at a guilty verdict
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the TV show CSI effecting crimes
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Criminal Scientific evidence Incident
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none of the above
Frage 29
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process of evaluating information, claims, or arguments through careful questioning and the application of reason
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is abstract thinking
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studies of media emphasize the need for critical thinking in our actions with news and other types of media
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is a major aspect of criminology