Biology Hon review test part 3

in 1928, [blank_start]Frederick Griffith[blank_end] found that something transferred from one organism to another. He used bacteria and mice in his experiments.

in [blank_start]1944[blank_end], Avery and others identified DNA as the transforming factor. The found that transformation cannot occur unless DNA is present.

in 1952, [blank_start]Chase and Hershey[blank_end] showed that DNA was the molecule that carries the genetic code by experimenting with bacteria and viruses.

in [blank_start]1950[blank_end], [blank_start]Franklin and Wilkins[blank_end] discovered x-ray patterns of DNA. This contributed to the structure of DNA.

In the 1940s, [blank_start]Watson and Crick[blank_end] are credited with the discovery of DNA.

It was [blank_start]Erwin Chargaff[blank_end] that discovered nitrogeneous bases pair up with each other in certain ways. Guanine is complimentary with [blank_start]Cytosine[blank_end] Adenine is complimentary with [blank_start]Thymine[blank_end]

If a strand of DNA has 30% of A, what percent will be G? [blank_start]20[blank_end]%

___________ clears out RNA primase.

Helicase does which of the following?

RNA primase is what?

___________ puts different bases onto new strands.

___________ are gaps left after attachment of some bases.

ligase does what?

protein synthesis is the process of making a [blank_start]protein[blank_end].

place [transcription/translation] in the correct blank below. [blank_start]transcription[blank_end] is used to copy DNA to RNA [blank_start]translation[blank_end] is used to interpret RNA to protein

_______ is created to carry the code from the nucleus to the ribosome - single stranded - associated with transcription

__________ is created to go out in the cell and find the amino acid for making the protein. - associated with translation.

a group of three bases in a sequence is called a [blank_start]codon[blank_end].

put [DNA/mRNA/tRNA] in the correct blanks below. [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] - gene, the original sequence [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] - codon, the complimentary sequence [blank_start]tRNA[blank_end] - anticodon

proteins are made of polypeptide chains.

put [hydrogen bond/covalent bond/peptide bond] in the correct blank below. [blank_start]hydrogen bond[blank_end]s hold the nitrogenous bases together. [blank_start]covalent bond[blank_end]s hold the nucleotides together. [blank_start]peptide bond[blank_end]s hold the amino acids together.

A nucleic acid is another name for nitrogenous base.

put [purines/pyrimidines] in the correct blanks below. cytosine and thymine are called [blank_start]purines[blank_end]. guanine and adenine are called [blank_start]pyrimidines[blank_end].

guanine and adenine are called purines.

somatic cells = [blank_start]body cells[blank_end]

mutations within body cells [blank_start]are not[blank_end] passed to offspring.

mutations within a sex cell [blank_start]can[blank_end] be passed to offspring.

put [point/framshift] in the correct blanks below. [blank_start]point[blank_end] mutations are a change in a single base pair - typically less harmful. [blank_start]frameshift[blank_end] mutations are a change in multiple codons - occurs when a nitrogen base is either added or deleted.

which of the following is the complimentary strand to the parent strand below? TAC ACG CGC TAT

Restriction enzymes are [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] that recognize and bind to a specific DNA sequence and cut the DNA at those specific sequences. These occur naturally in [blank_start]prokaryotic[blank_end] cells and defend them by cutting foreign DNA into nonfunctional pieces.

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RELP) is the method for making a DNA fingerprint.

DNA is [blank_start]negatively[blank_end] charged.

the [blank_start]last[blank_end] two chromosomes on a karyotype determine your gender ( XX or XY)

check which of the following a karyotype can tell you about an individual.

put [monosomy/trisomy] in the correct blanks below. [blank_start]monosomy[blank_end] - the lacking of one or more chromosomes - most zygotes don't survive [blank_start]trisomy[blank_end] - one extra chromosome

Down syndrome is [blank_start]trisomy 21[blank_end]- offspring will have three of chromosome [blank_start]21[blank_end]- comes with intellectual disability, short stature, characteristic facial features, and heart defects.

[blank_start]Patau syndrome[blank_end] is trisomy 13 - offspring will have three of chromosome 13 - comes with severe intellectual disability, cleft lip and cheek plate, extra finger on each hand, malformation of ears and eyes, and small head.

[blank_start]Edwards syndrome[blank_end] is trisomy 18 - offspring will have three of chromosome 18 - this comes with intellectual disabilites and defects in head and hands.

[blank_start]klinefelter syndrome[blank_end] is only found in males with an extra X chromosome (XXY) - this comes with above average height, below average intelligence, and sterility.

[blank_start]jacobs syndrome[blank_end] is only found in males with an extra Y chromosome (XYY) - this comes with being larger than normal, borderline intelligence, and mild to severe behavioral disturbances.

[blank_start]turner syndrome[blank_end] is only found in women with only one X chromosome (X) - comes with height below 5 foot, webbing of the neck, and under developed ovaries.

who is the father of genetics?

mendel used peas during his experiments.

put [fertilization/cross] in the correct blanks below. [blank_start]fertilization[blank_end] is the uniting of male and female gametes while [blank_start]cross[blank_end] in the combining of gametes from parents within different traits.

The Rule of [blank_start]Unit Factors[blank_end] is that each organism has two alleles for each trait.

what are alleles?

what do genes do and where are they located?

The Rule of [blank_start]Complete Dominance[blank_end] is when the trait observed in the offspring is the dominant trait.

The Rule of [blank_start]Incomplete Dominance[blank_end] is when the trait that results when blending occurs. ex. red flowers blend with white flowers which results in pink flowers.

The Rule of [blank_start]Codominance[blank_end] is when a trait results when both alleles appear together but seen separately. ex: red flowers are bred with white flowers which results in white flowers with red spots.

The Law of [blank_start]Segregation[blank_end] occurs when the two alleles for a trait must separate when gametes are formed - when a parent randomly passes only one allele for each trait to their offspring.

The Law of [blank_start]Independent Assortment[blank_end] occurs when the genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

Dihybrid cross is the crossing of parents who differ in [blank_start]two[blank_end] traits (AAEE with aaee)

Monohybrid cross is the crossing of parents who differ in only [blank_start]one[blank_end] trait (AAee with aaee)

[blank_start]Pedigrees[blank_end] are used to study inherited traits.

enter [male/male with genetic trait/female/female with genetic trait/carrier/died from inherited condition/marriage/children] into the correct blanks below. empty square = [blank_start]male[blank_end] filled square = [blank_start]male with genetic trait[blank_end] empty circle = [blank_start]female[blank_end] filed circle = [blank_start]female with genetic trait[blank_end] half-filled circle or square = [blank_start]carrier[blank_end] line through the shape = [blank_start]died from inherited condition[blank_end] line between two shapes = [blank_start]marriage[blank_end] line coming down from marriage line = [blank_start]children[blank_end]

enter [left/right] into the correct blanks below. the children in a pedigree are shown with the oldest to the [blank_start]left[blank_end] and the youngest to the [blank_start]right[blank_end].

Who was the first to classify organisms? [blank_start]Aristotle[blank_end]

Who came up with the classification system today? [blank_start]Carolus Linnaeus[blank_end]

What do you call the two word naming system? [blank_start]bionomial nomenclature[blank_end]

put [genus/species/capitalized/lowercase] in the correct blanks below. !st word in a scientific name is the [blank_start]genus[blank_end] which is always [blank_start]capitalized[blank_end]. 2nd word in a scientific name is the [blank_start]species[blank_end] which is always [blank_start]lowercase[blank_end].

[blank_start]eubacteria[blank_end] is every day bacteria which contains cyanobacteria and carbon eating bacteria.

[blank_start]archaebacteria[blank_end] live in extreme environments and contains salt-loving microbes and heat-loving microbes.

[blank_start]eukaryota[blank_end] is everything that isn't a bacteria that has a nucleus and contains chromists, plants, animals, fungi, and protista.

put [unicellular/multicellular] in the correct blanks below. plantae, animalia, fungi, and some protista are all [blank_start]mulitcellular[blank_end]. eubacteria, acrchaebacteria, and some protista are all [blank_start]unicelluar[blank_end].

what characteristics below are used to determine which kingdom an organism belongs in?

[blank_start]Systematics[blank_end] organizes in the context of their evolution.

a [blank_start]phylogenetic[blank_end] tree is a branching tree that shows evolution relationships and represents a hypothesis of evolutionary descent.

which of the following are used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

[blank_start]Cladistics[blank_end] is a method of phylogenetic classification that uses shared derived characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships.

a [blank_start]derived character[blank_end] is a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration ex: bird - feathers

[blank_start]methanogens[blank_end] - a type of archeabacteria - live in swamps, marshes, and anaerobic conditions.

[blank_start]halophiles[blank_end] - a type of archeabacteria - live in high salt concentrations.

[blank_start]thermoacidphiles[blank_end] - a type of archeabacteria - live in hot, acidic enviroments such as hot springs and geysers.

abiogenesis is the spontaneous generation of life from [blank_start]non-living[blank_end] matter.

in 1668, [blank_start]Francesco Redi[blank_end] was one of the first to disprove spontaneous generation, he did this with an experiment containing maggots - proving that maggots came from flies.

Lazzaro Spallanzani tried to disprove the life force theory and was [blank_start]unsuccessful[blank_end].

[blank_start]Louis Pasteur[blank_end] was successful in proving there was no life force by using the curved neck that allowed air to pass through but trapped microorganisms.

Biogenesis states that all living things arise from other living things.

in [blank_start]1930[blank_end], Oparin stated that spontaneous generation did occur once at the begging of life. He believed that at [blank_start]high[blank_end] temperatures and with [blank_start]electrical[blank_end] charge that early gases (water vapor, hydrogen, methane, ammonia) could combine to form single organic compounds.

in [blank_start]1953[blank_end], Miller and Urey testing Oparian's hypothesis under laboratory conditions and produced some amino acids and sugars. scientists since then have produced various amino acids, nucleotides, and ATP.

which of the following are the first cells?

who came up with the endosymbiotic theory?

insert {stabilizing/directional/disruptive] into the following blanks below. the three methods of natural selection are: [blank_start]disruptive[blank_end] which favors both extremes [blank_start]directional[blank_end] which favors extreme forms of a trait [blank_start]stabilizing[blank_end] which favors average forms of a trait

insert [coevolution/divergent/convergent/genetic drift/antibiotic resistance] into the correct blanks below. the five types of evolution are: [blank_start]genetic drift[blank_end] - a random change in allele frequency which changes the gene pool of a small population due to chance [blank_start]divergent[blank_end] - the process by which related species evolve different traits [blank_start]coevolution[blank_end] - a change in the genetic composition of one species (or group) in response to a genetic change in another [blank_start]convergent[blank_end] - the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar enviroments [blank_start]antibiotic resistance[blank_end] - when the bacteria become resistant to antibiotics due to mutations caused by over exposure

creating a new species is called:

pre-zygote reproductive isolation - a type of speciation - can result in:

post-zygote reproductive isolation - a type of speciation - can result in:

what are homologous body structures?

what is an analogous body structure?

a [blank_start]niche[blank_end] is the role of an organism in its community.

a [blank_start]mimicry[blank_end] is a close external resemblance of an animal to another

fungi are sessile.

Fungi are [blank_start]non-motile[blank_end], [blank_start]eukaryotic[blank_end], and [blank_start]heterotrophs[blank_end].

what is a fungi's cell wall made of? [blank_start]chitin[blank_end].