USA - Pharm Final

Involuntary, continuous tonic contraction resulting in increased tension in skeletal muscle after injury and inflammation; generally, more orthopedic and localized in nature

UMN lesions interrupt control of stretch reflex, leading to a neurologically induced, velocity-dependent, exaggerated muscle stretch reflex

Which of the following drugs/drug types given for spasms, causes general sedation and muscle relaxation by potentiating the inhibitory effect of GABA?

As with the Centrally-Acting Anti-spasm Drugs, Diazepam should only be used to treat muscle spams in the short-term, due to a plethora of side effects, including sedation, decreased psychomotor ability, physical dependence, and, during sudden withdrawal, anxiety/seizures/death.

Which of the following anti-spasticity drugs would be the best choice for chronic pain or headaches?

Which of the following are advantages of intrathecal administration of baclofen versus oral administration?

The effects of which of the following anti-spasticity drugs is limited to just one muscle and carries no generalized effects?

Which of the following is the most likely reason that a patient is taking a mixed agonist-Antagonist analgesic rather than a full agonist (strong or mild)?

Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Strong Agonists?

Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Mild-Moderate Agonists?

Of the following opiod analgesics, which are Mixed Agonist-Antagonists?

Of the following, which are opiod analgesic antagonists?

Select the potential side effects of opiod analgesics.

Inhibition of the Cox 1 enzymes causes which of the following side effects?

Inhibition of the Cox 2 enzymes causes which of the following adverse effects?

Which of the following are Non-Selective COX-Blockers?

Which of the following are COX2-Blockers?

How does Tylenol differ from Aspirin?

Combining Naloxone with an opiod in a patient controlled analgesic results in adequate analgesia with reduced side effects.

Combining Droperidol with an opiod in a patient controlled analgesic results in adequate analgesia with reduced side effects.

With PCEA, the analgesic is delivered directly to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord at a specific level.

With PCEA, the analgesic is delivered directly to the epidural space of the spinal cord at a specific level.

[blank_start]Loading dose[blank_end] - A single large dose is given initially to establish analgesia. [blank_start]Demand dose[blank_end] - The amount of drug that is self-administered by the patient each time he or she activates the PCA delivery mechanism. [blank_start]Lockout interval[blank_end] - The minimum amount of time allowed between each demand dose. [blank_start]Background infusion rate[blank_end] - In some patients, a small amount of the analgesic is infused continuously to maintain a low background level of analgesia.

When reviewing the chart of a new patient you notice that the number of total PCA demands is much higher than the number of successful demands. What does this most likely indicate?

[blank_start]Antitussive[blank_end] - Cough Suppressant [blank_start]Decongestant[blank_end] - Reduce Mucus Production by binding to Alpha-1 receptors [blank_start]Antihistamine[blank_end] - Reduce allergic reactions by binding to H1 receptors [blank_start]Mucolytics[blank_end] - Decrease Mucus Viscosity [blank_start]Expectorants[blank_end] - Facilitate production and ejection of mucus

Guaifenesin belongs to which category of respiratory drugs?

[blank_start]Beta-2 adrenergic agonists[blank_end] (-terol) – cause bronchodilation and relaxation of bronchiole smooth muscle [blank_start]Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)[blank_end] - control inflammation-mediated bronchospasm; Most effective treatment for Asthma [blank_start]Leukotriene (LOX) inhibitors[blank_end] - mediate airway inflammation that underlies bronchoconstriction [blank_start]Cromones[blank_end] - prevent bronchoconstriction by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators

Which of the following is/are most effective in promoting healing of ulcers?

What is a potential problem with prolonged and excessive use of antacids?

Steroid hormones are derived from which of the following?

An individual with hypothyroidism will present with all of the following EXCEPT?

Hyperthyroidism symptoms can be suppressed by beta-adrenergic blockers.

Which of the following inhibits osteoclast activity?

A primary adverse effect of mineralcorticoid therapy?

Which patient would you be cautious with stretching?

Tetracyclines, sulonamindes, and fluoroquinolones will not cause increased skin sensitivity to UV light.

[blank_start]Insulin[blank_end] will reduce glucose levels [blank_start]Glucagon[blank_end] will increase glucose levels Generally speaking, Diabetes leads to an uncontrolled [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in glucose levels.

Prolonged use of cortisol can cause ______.

Just like the Irish girl in this photo, patients taking which of the following medication types are at increased risk of sunburn (aka photosensitivity)?