BIOL 108: Human Body Final Exam

Select the following which are molecules of life:

A farmer wants to improve crop yield in his fields by testing the effectiveness of a new pesticide available on the market. Which one of the following is the best control for this experiment?

Which of the following determines the reactivity of an atom, or likelihood of forming a bond with another atom?

Please organize the terms regarding scientific levels of organization from LEAST COMPLEX (1) to MOST COMPLEX (5). Each term will be used only once. 1. [blank_start]Cells[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Tissues[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Organs[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Organ systems[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Organism[blank_end]

The proper sequence of steps involved in the scientific method is: (1) state hypothesis, (2) observe, (3) experiment, (4) support or disprove the hypothesis.

A student needs information from the National Institutes of Health, a governtment agency. Which one of the following endings should (s)he look for in the Internet address?

Causation is easier to demonstrate than correlation.

"Double-blind" experiments are designed so that only subjects do not know if they are receiving the placebo or drug.

The most biologically important characteristic of lipids is that lipids are hydrophobic.

On the molecular structure of two bonded water molecules, label the following: 1. The meaning of "H" 2. The meaning of the orange, solid line 3. The meaning of the green, dashed line 4. The meaning of δ+ 5. The meaning of δ-

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that demonstrates all of the properties of that element.

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each explanation. Each term will be used only ONCE, but NOT ALL TERMS will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] The site of protein production in a cell 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Stack of flattened membranes. Site where cell products are modified and prepared for secretion from the cell 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Large network of membranes where lipids are synthesized 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Organelle that stores the genetic information of the cell 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Extensions of the cell membrane that increase the cell's surface area 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Double-membraned organelle believed to have originated through endosymbiosis 7. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Responsible for supporting the internal and external structure of the cell

There are ribosomes located throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Organize the following types of molecular bonds from weakest (1) to strongest (2). 1. [blank_start]Hydrogen bonds[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Ionic bonds[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Covalent bonds[blank_end]

[blank_start]Oxygen[blank_end] is the basis of life; it gives your body life by helping with aerobic respiration and it also bonds with hydrogen to create water. Water is essential; it makes up 60% of the human body. [blank_start]Carbohydrates[blank_end] give you the food to feed your cells; for example, animals use [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] that they get from glycogen. [blank_start]Protiens[blank_end] have many functions; some examples of these functions are assisting molecular transfers, hormones, and muscle contractions. [blank_start]Fats[blank_end] store excess energy that can eventually be used by the body. [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] provides the genetic information for a cell and is located in the nucleus of a cell. [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] provides almost all of the energy for our cells in a rapid manner.

For a gene to produce hair color, it first has to come from your [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] that your parents gave you via their [blank_start]chromosomes[blank_end]. Chromosomes hold [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] in the nucleus. The DNA codes into [blank_start]RNA[blank_end], which then creates the [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] needed to produce that hair color.

Organize the following steps of bone repair for a broken bone from first (1) to last (4). Please only type the number instead without any punctuation; for example, next to step one, type "1" without the quotation marks. [blank_start]4[blank_end] Osteoclasts break down bone to begin remodeling [blank_start]2[blank_end] A cartilage callous forms & holds together the 2 broken ends of bone [blank_start]1[blank_end] A blood clot forms [blank_start]3[blank_end] Osteoblasts secrete proteins to form a bony callous

A blood vessel is an organ.

Select the correct organ system from the drop-down box for each statement. Each term will be used only ONCE. There are more terms than there are blanks, so not all answers will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produces hormones that regulate many body functions 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Detects both external and internal stimuli and coordinates responses 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produces blood cells and provides structural framework for movement 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Maintains the volume and composition of body fluids 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Transports materials to and from all cells

Which of the following does not repair itself well (if at all) after an injury?

Synovial joints are filled with a lubricating fluid.

Slow twitch muscle fibers have more blood vessels than fast twitch muscle fibers.

Which of the following injuries has occurred when a ligament is stretched or torn?

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end], and slow-twitch muscle fibers are [blank_start]aerobic[blank_end].

Which of the following types of muscle fibers is used for short bursts of activity?

Muscles controlling fine movements use [blank_start]small motor units[blank_end]. A small motor unit has about [blank_start]two to ten[blank_end] motor units, and a large motor unit has [blank_start]thousands[blank_end].

Select the following process(es) which occur(s) throughout life:

Match the correct type of fracture with its appropriate description. Each blank only has one term, but since there are more terms than blanks not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] When the neds of the bone no longer line up 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Partly broken, partly bent; usually happens in young children 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Bone fragments; shattered 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Many microscopic breaks

Match the correct type of muscle with the type of movement. Each muscle type will only be used once. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Moves blood and nutrients throughout the body 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Moves and stabilizes the skeletal system 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Moves food, feces, etc.

You would find smooth muscle in the stomach.

You would find cardiac muscle in the heart.

You would find skeletal muscle in your legs--specifically, in your femur.

Select the following type(s) of muscle which is/are INVOLUNTARY:

The four types of tissues in the body are connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, and cardiac tissue.

Complete the following table with the following information for EACH box: 1. Is ATP required? 2. Are transport proteins required?

Describe the events involved in a skeletal muscle contraction. You should accurately use the following terms: actin, action potential, calcium, motor neuron, myosin, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sliding, and troponin. A(n) [blank_start]action potential[blank_end] moves down a [blank_start]motor neuron[blank_end] where Ach is released. This flows through the synapse to the receptors of the muscle fiber, which then allows the [blank_start]calcium ions[blank_end] to be released from the [blank_start]sarcoplasmic reticulum[blank_end] and bind. The [blank_start]actin[blank_end] and [blank_start]myosin[blank_end] of the sarcomere link to the myosin head and moves the muscle fiber into contraction. The [blank_start]sliding[blank_end] movement occurs due to the [blank_start]troponin[blank_end] and tropomyosin allowing binding sites to show.

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each phrase. Each term will be used only once, but since there are more terms than blanks not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Develops into a cell that produces antibodies 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Can engulf and kill a bacterium or infected cells 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Fragments of cells that help form blood clots 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Carries most of the oxygen traveling in blood 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Makes up more than half of the volume of blood

Both B cells and T cells can target specific antigens and can produce memory cells.

Due to menstruation, women lose more blood than men which in turn reduces their iron levels and their hematocrit.

Blood thinners reduce the thickness of your blood by adding a large amount of water to the bloodstream.

When skeletal muscles contract, they pump oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. This is an example of venous return.

If you have blood type B, then select the following blood type(s) who you can GIVE blood to:

If your blood type is type B, who can you RECEIVE blood from? Select all blood type(s):

Three risk factors for hypertension include (but are not limited to) old age, a high-salt diet, and obesity.

The left ventricle contraction generates diastolic pressure, and the left ventricle relaxation generates systolic pressure.

Normal blood pressure is 120/80.

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each statement. Each term will be used only once, but since there are more terms than statements, some terms will not be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] A blood clot that is stuck in a vessel and blocking blood flow. 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Low oxygen carrying capacity 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] A circulating blood clot 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] A general term for any inappropriate blood clot 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Consequence of a cerebral embolism

Which of the following occurs after the platelet plug forms during blood clotting?

Ebola has a high [blank_start]virulence[blank_end] but a fairly low [blank_start]transmissibility[blank_end].

Fungal pathogens are typically transmitted by vectors.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) find antigens and activate T/B cells.

Which of the following is NOT an example of passive immunity?

Redness, heat, swelling and pain are characteristics of [blank_start]inflammation[blank_end].

Select the following attribute(s) which is/are associated with the IMMUNE SYSTEM:

Select the following attribute(s) which is/are associated with the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:

The [blank_start]innate[blank_end] immune response is activated first in response to the first encounter with a new antigen.

There are three different "types" of antibodies.

Select the appropriate pathogen for each infection/disease from the drop-down box. Each term will only be used once. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Athlete's foot 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Tapeworms 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Common cold 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Mad cow disease 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Lyme disease

One benefit of a fever is that it can help reduce bacteria growth.

One risk of prolonged fever is that it can cause brain damage by causing the proteins to unfold.

When you first get a fever, your hypothalamus sends a signal to your brain to tell you to readjust your temperature, so you feel [blank_start]cold[blank_end] even though your internal body temperature is [blank_start]still normal[blank_end]. Once your body fully recognizes what's going on, another signal is sent by your brain to make you feel "normal" again; however, because your body was getting used to the [blank_start]"cold"[blank_end], this change causes you to feel [blank_start]hot[blank_end].

Which of the following structures is the site of gas exchange?

Which of the following explains one reason why smokers cough more than non-smokers?

[blank_start]Tidal volume[blank_end] has the least variation.

White blood cells are also known as erythrocytes.

Label the different parts of the neuron.

The part of a neuron responsible for protein production is the

Graded potentials differ from action potentials in that graded potentials

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is

Myelination (the wrapping of neuronal axons by glial cells) is responsible for

White matter of the brain contains

The magnitude/size of the effect of a hormone depends on which of the following?

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they both

Select the appropriate term from the drop-down box for each definition. Each term will be used only once, but since there are more terms than definitions, not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] The conscious part of the brain 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Area of the brain that modifies cerebral output 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Part of the brain responsible for your biological clock and body temperature 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Specific personality and decision-making part of the brain 5. [blank_start]_____[blank_end] System responsible for short-term memory 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Language center of the brain that interprets the meaning of speech

In general, people are left- or right-brained depending on their personality.

Label the regions of the brain.

Hormones are involved in maintaining circadian rhythm (melatonin) as well as regulating glucose in the bloodstream (glucagon and insulin).

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each definition. Terms may be used once or not at all. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Visible portion of the outer ear 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Eardrum 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Connects the middle ear to the throat to equalize air pressure 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Where sound is converted from vibrations to action potentials 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] One component of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Ringing in the ears 7. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Malleus, incus, and stapes

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each definition. Terms may be used once or not at all. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Middle layer of the eye that contains the iris 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Center region of the retina with the highest density of photoreceptors 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] White part of the eye 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Thin vascularized membrane of the outer eye 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Retinal cells that allow us to see color 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Portion of the eye responsible for the majority of light bending 7. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Elasticity of this part of the eye decreases with age 8. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Farsightedness

Select the following characteristic(s) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Select the following characteristic(s) of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

Select the following characteristic(s) of STEROID HORMONES:

Select the following characteristic(s) of NON-STEROID HORMONES:

Select the appropriate term for each definition. All terms will be used once. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the pancreatic beta cells to lower blood sugar 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates cell division 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythm 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the adrenal medulla and is part of the "fight or flight" response 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the thyroid gland to lower blood calcium levels 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the pancreatic alpha cells to raise blood sugar 7. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the adrenal cortex and decreases the immune response 8. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the posterior pituitary and reduces the amount of water lost in urine 9. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Produced by the parathyroid gland to increase blood calcium levels

Type I Diabetes is an autoimmune condition.

Lateralization is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than in the other.

The main function of the digestive system is to detoxify the body.

________ is the process of releasing substances from cells into the lumen of the gut.

______ occurs when smooth muscle in front of a bolus relaxes, and contracts behind.

Which of the following occurs in the mouth?

Acid reflux, the backflow of stomach fluid into the esophagus, most commonly occurs due to

Pepsin and lipases are present in gastric juice to break down proteins and lipids, respectively.

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) that unfolds proteins and inhibits bacterial growth.

Gastric juice contains mucus to protect the cells lining the stomach from acid.

The majority of nutrient and water absorption occurs in the [blank_start]small intestine[blank_end].

A normal gastric emptying time is [blank_start]2 to 6[blank_end] hours.

The most common cause of peptic ulcers, or open sores of the stomach's mucosal lining, is

The majority of feces is

Amylases (salivary and pancreatic) are the main contributors to the breakdown of

A main function of the urinary system is to maintain fluid volume of the lymphatic vessels.

Women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections (UTIs) than men because

The [blank_start]ureter[blank_end] is a tube-like connection that supports the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder.

The corpus luteum develops in the [blank_start]ovary[blank_end] from the [blank_start]ruptured follicle[blank_end].

Put the following organs and structures in order (1-8) from the first place where food enters the body (1) to the last place where waste exits (8).

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each definition/statement. Each term will be used only once. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Responsible for the movement of food/chyme/feces 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Anchors the gut to the surrounding tissue 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Only layer capable of absorption 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Contains blood vessels to carry away absorbed nutrients

The mucosa is highly folded to increase its surface area.

Select the correct term from the drop-down box for each definition. Each term will only be used once, but since there are more terms than definitions, not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Stores/concentrates bile 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Major function is to produce digestive enzymes 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Processes/stores nutrients absorbed by the small intestine 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Small pouch extending from the cecum.

Three main functions of the liver are that it processes/stores nutrients absorbed by the small intestine, it cleans/detoxifies blood, and it makes bile.

Select the appropriate term from the drop-down box for each statement. Each term will be used once, but since there are more terms than statements, not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] GI disorder that results from lacking an enzyme to digest a particular molecule 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] GI disorder that results from T cells and/or other antibodies attacking a molecule in food 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Noncancerous growths 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Specific disorder where immune system responds to gluten by destroying small intestine microvilli 5. [blank_start]_____[blank_end] Inflammation of the liver 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Weakness of the large intestine wall

Select the appropriate term from the drop-down box for each statement. Each term will be used once, but since there are more terms than statements, not all terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Inner epithelial lining of the uterus where embryo implants 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Where immature oocytes develop within the ovary 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Narrow part of the uterus that extends slightly into the vagina 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Hollow muscular organ that is continuous with external genitalia 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Typical site of egg fertilization 6. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Most commoon type of ectopic pregnancy

Select the appropriate term from the drop-down box for each statement. Two of the three terms will be used. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Hormone secreted by the embryo that tells the corpus luteum to remain alive 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted by the pituitary gland, which causes testosterone to remain in the testes longer.

Using the figure of meiosis, please write a number (for steps 1-3) or letter (for cells A-D) in the blanks below. There may be multiple answers per blank. 1. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Step where DNA replicates 2. [blank_start]______[blank_end] First cell that is haploid 3. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Division step that is identical to mitosis 4. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Daughter cells 5. [blank_start]______[blank_end] Diploid cells

The urethra also carries urine outside the body.

The epididymis is cut and tied during a vasectomy.

The testis is the site of meiosis.

The urethra contains tightly-packed seminiferous tubules.

Sperm develop mobility in the epididymis.