12892103
Beschreibung
Quiz von Crystal Yu, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Crystal Yu
vor mehr als 6 Jahre
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Frage 1
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Solutions are known as [blank_start]molecular dispersions[blank_end] in which the size of the internal phase is [blank_start]< 1 nm[blank_end].
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molecular dispersions
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< 1 nm
Frage 2
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Molecular dispersions can pass through [blank_start]ultrafilters[blank_end] and semi-permeable membranes. They undergo rapid [blank_start]diffusion[blank_end] and are invisible under an [blank_start]electron microscope[blank_end].
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ultrafilters
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diffusion
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electron microscope
Frage 3
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Most pharmaceutical suspensions and emulsions are [blank_start]coarse[blank_end] dispersions in which the size of the internal phase is [blank_start]> 500 nm[blank_end].
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> 500 nm
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coarse
Frage 4
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Coarse dispersions are visible under a [blank_start]light microscope[blank_end] and do not [blank_start]diffuse[blank_end]. Particles can be separated via [blank_start]filtration[blank_end].
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light microscope
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diffuse
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filtration
Frage 5
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Colloids are also known as [blank_start]fine dispersions[blank_end]. Examples of colloids include [blank_start]micelles[blank_end] and [blank_start]microemulsions[blank_end].
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fine dispersions
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micelles
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microemulsions
Frage 6
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Colloids are dispersed systems in which the size of the internal phase is between [blank_start]1 nm[blank_end] and [blank_start]500 nm[blank_end].
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1 nm
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500 nm
Frage 7
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Colloids are visible through [blank_start]electron microscopes[blank_end], they diffuse [blank_start]slowly[blank_end], and are separated by ultrafiltration or [blank_start]dialysis[blank_end]
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electron microscopes
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slowly
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dialysis
Frage 8
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Particle shape of colloids will depend on the phase of the medium. This will affect the [blank_start]viscosity[blank_end].
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viscosity
Frage 9
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There are three different classifications of colloids:
1. [blank_start]Lyophilic[blank_end] colloids
2. [blank_start]Lyophobic[blank_end] colloids
3[blank_start]. Association[blank_end] colloids
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Lyophilic
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Lyophobic
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. Association
Frage 10
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Lyophilic colloids:
[blank_start]Large organic[blank_end] molecules capable of being [blank_start]solvated[blank_end] or [blank_start]associated[blank_end] with the molecules of the continuous phase. (example: acacia or gelatin)
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Large organic
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solvated
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associated
Frage 11
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Lyophilic colloids are prepared by [blank_start]simple mixing[blank_end]. They are thermodynamically [blank_start]stable[blank_end] and reconstitution is possible.
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simple mixing
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stable
Frage 12
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Lyophilic colloids [blank_start]increase[blank_end] the viscosity of the medium and has two different phases the gel and solution phase
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increase
Frage 13
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The solution-gel transition in a lyophilic colloid is dependent on the [blank_start]critical gelation concentration[blank_end] and [blank_start]temperature[blank_end]
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critical gelation concentration
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temperature
Frage 14
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[blank_start]Lyophobic colloids[blank_end] are thermodynamically unstable and reconstitution is not possible.
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Lyophobic colloids
Frage 15
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Lyophobic colloids require stabilization to prevent [blank_start]coalesence[blank_end].
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coalesence
Frage 16
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[blank_start]Association[blank_end] colloids are amphiphilic compounds such as micelles and vesicles.
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Association
Frage 17
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Colloidal dosage forms include:
A) [blank_start]Gels[blank_end]
B) [blank_start]Magma[blank_end]
C) [blank_start]Nano-delivery[blank_end] systems
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Gels
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Magma
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Nano-delivery
Frage 18
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A gel is a solid or semisolid system of at least two constituents:
a [blank_start]condensed mass[blank_end] enclosing or interpenetrated by [blank_start]water[blank_end]
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condensed mass
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water
Frage 19
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[blank_start]Jelly[blank_end]: when liquid is present.
[blank_start]Xerogel[blank_end]: When liquid is removed from a gel
and only the framework remains.
Examples include gelatin sheets, tragacant
ribbons, and acacia tears.
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Jelly
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Xerogel
Frage 20
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[blank_start]Imbibition[blank_end]: Taking up liquid without a change in size
[blank_start]Swelling[blank_end]: Taking up liquid with a change in size
[blank_start]Synersis[blank_end]: Loss of liquid
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Imbibition
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Swelling
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Synersis
Frage 21
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Gels: One phase systems
- [blank_start]Macromolecules[blank_end] bond together with van der Waals forces to form [blank_start]amorphous[blank_end] or [blank_start]crystalline[blank_end] regions
(Ex. tragacant and carboxymethylcellulose)
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Macromolecules
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amorphous
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crystalline
Frage 22
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Gels: Two phase systems
- [blank_start]Floccules[blank_end] of small particles form and create a network
- Not always stable
- [blank_start]Thixotropic[blank_end]
- Examples of this are aluminum hydroxide gel, bentonite magma, and magnesium magma
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Floccules
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Thixotropic
Frage 23
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In gels, two phase systems are usually [blank_start]inorganic[blank_end] and single phase systems are usually [blank_start]organic[blank_end],
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inorganic
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organic
Frage 24
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Examples of [blank_start]Hydrogels[blank_end]: Pectin paste, tragacanth jelly, and methylcellulose
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Hydrogels
Frage 25
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Examples of [blank_start]Organogels[blank_end]: Petrolatum, mineral oil/polyethylene gel, and cocoabutter
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Organogels
Frage 26
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With the acrylic acid-based polymer [blank_start]carbomer[blank_end], maximum viscosity will happen at pH [blank_start]7[blank_end].
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carbomer
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7
Frage 27
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Carbomers
Are very [blank_start]hygroscopic[blank_end], so should be kept in tight containers before use, or
they will get sticky.
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hygroscopic
Frage 28
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A commonly used gelling agent known as [blank_start]Alginic acid[blank_end] is taken from seaweed. It needs [blank_start]calcium salts[blank_end] to form the gel.
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Alginic acid
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calcium salts
Frage 29
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A commonly used gelling agent known as [blank_start]methyl cellulose[blank_end] slowly hydrates in hot water and is then stirred with cold water to prompt dissolution
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methyl cellulose
Frage 30
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A commonly used gelling agent known as [blank_start]hydroxyethylcellulose[blank_end] hydrates and swells in cold water. It makes thinner gels that are compatible with water and alcohol.
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hydroxyethylcellulose
Frage 31
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A commonly used gelling agent known as [blank_start]hydroxypropylcellulose[blank_end] hydrates and swells in water and hydroalcoholic solvents. Good for high amount of drugs and makes thin gels.
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hydroxypropylcellulose
Frage 32
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The only true example of an organogel is [blank_start]plastibase[blank_end] or [blank_start]jelene[blank_end]. This gel can be heated to about 60 degrees without loss of consistency.
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plastibase
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jelene
Frage 33
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[blank_start]Aluminum hydroxide[blank_end] gel is an antacid and may cause constipation. May interfere with the bioavailability of [blank_start]tetracycline[blank_end] by [blank_start]chelating[blank_end].
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Aluminum hydroxide
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tetracycline
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chelating
Frage 34
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[blank_start]Milk of Magnesia[blank_end] is an antacid with anti-constipating effects. It does not cause constipation.
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Milk of Magnesia
Frage 35
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Gels should be kept in tight containers and should be observed for:
- [blank_start]Shrinkage[blank_end]
- Separation of liquid
- [blank_start]Discoloration[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Microbial growth[blank_end]
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Shrinkage
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Discoloration
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Microbial growth
Frage 36
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If the particle size in a two-phase system is large, the gel is referred to as a [blank_start]magma[blank_end]
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magma
Frage 37
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[blank_start]Microemulsions[blank_end] are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent mixtures of a biphasic o/w or w/o system stabilized with [blank_start]surfactants[blank_end].
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Microemulsions
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surfactants
Frage 38
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Microemulsions are prepared using surfactants with an HLB range of [blank_start]15[blank_end] - [blank_start]18[blank_end] such as polysorbate 60 and 80
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15
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18
Frage 39
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Microemulsions are swollen micelles. The surface area is very [blank_start]high[blank_end] in these microemulsions, therefore [blank_start]interfacial tension[blank_end] has become very low.
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high
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interfacial tension
Frage 40
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Microemulsions are used to enhance [blank_start]oral absorption[blank_end], [blank_start]transdermal delivery[blank_end] as well as targetting anticancer agents
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oral absorption
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transdermal delivery
Frage 41
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[blank_start]Liposomes[blank_end] are used to provide sustained release of some drugs. Provides drug solubilization and protection, sustained and controlled release, [blank_start]targeted delivery[blank_end], and drug internalization.
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Liposomes
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targeted delivery
Frage 42
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Depending on the process used for their preparation, two types of nanoparticles can be formed.
- [blank_start]Nanocapsules[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Nanoparticles[blank_end]
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Nanocapsules
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Nanoparticles
Frage 43
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Nanocapsules coats the drug in a manner that is similar to that of an [blank_start]egg[blank_end]
Nanoparticles have drug dispersed throughout similar to that of a [blank_start]cookie[blank_end]
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cookie
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egg
Frage 44
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[blank_start]Polymeric micelles[blank_end] are better for encapsulating hydrophobic drugs than liposomes because they can leak
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Polymeric micelles
Frage 45
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[blank_start]Tyndall effect[blank_end]:
Scattering may be described in terms of Turbidity which is the fraction decrease in light intensity due to scattering to all directions.
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Tyndall effect
Frage 46
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Bigger particles = [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] diffusion coefficient = [blank_start]slow[blank_end] rate of diffusion
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Lower
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slow
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