Neuroscience of Sleep

Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by: - reduced or absent [blank_start]consciousness[blank_end] - relatively suspended [blank_start]sensory[blank_end] activity, and - inactivity of nearly all [blank_start]voluntary[blank_end] muscle

Why do we sleep? (select all that apply):

All animals produce [blank_start]circadian[blank_end] rhythms, internal mechanisms that operate on an approxiamtely [blank_start]24[blank_end] hour cycle of wakefulness and sleep.

Circadian rhythms also regulate (select all that apply):

T or F. The purpose of the circadian rhythms is to keep our internal workings in phase with the outside world.

A [blank_start]free[blank_end] [blank_start]running[blank_end] rhythm is a rhythm that occurs when no stimuli resets the rhythm.

A [blank_start]zeitgeber[blank_end] is a term used to describe any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythms. Examples include [blank_start]light[blank_end], which is the primary one, as well as exercise, noise, meals and temperatue.

T or F. Rhythms of waking and sleep do not change as a function of age.

See question in the image

As we drift in and out of sleep at the start of a typical night’s sleep, we enter a sleep period known as:

Compared with stages 1 and 2 of the NREM sleep period, in stages 3 and 4:

There is four stage of Non-REM sleep. This stage is also thought of as "[blank_start]deep[blank_end] sleep".

Components of REM sleep include: (select all that apply)

A mix of alpha and theta brain waves is most commonly observed during ________sleep.

During the night, we typically have how many cycles of NREM (1-4) and REM sleep?

Which of the following is NOT true of REM sleep?

The length of time to the 1st REM episode (REM latency) is [blank_start]90[blank_end] minutes. (put answer in numeric form).

REM latency is usually reduced in patients with: [blank_start]Exhaustion[blank_end] [blank_start]Depression[blank_end] [blank_start]Narcolepsy[blank_end] [blank_start]Sleep apnea[blank_end]

Studies indicate that most adults need _____ hours of sleep each night

Match the Stage to the Wave Type: Stage 1: [blank_start]low voltage[blank_end] [blank_start]mixed frequency[blank_end] Stage 2: [blank_start]sleep spindles[blank_end] [blank_start]K complexes[blank_end] Stage 3: [blank_start]mostly slow waves[blank_end] Stage 4: [blank_start]slow waves[blank_end]

Label the Stages of Sleep from the Drag & Drop Selections (note that some answers may be used twice-for Stage II, Use Stage II answer 1st, Stage 2 answer 2nd and Stage Two answer 3rd, for Stage III-use this form first):

Match the characteristic to the type of sleep (NREM or REM): EEG more similar to waking brain [blank_start]REM[blank_end] Lack of prominent eye movement or muscle paralysis [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Working through past [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Intense brain activity [blank_start]REM[blank_end] Vivid dreams [blank_start]REM[blank_end] Dreams-thoughts [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Emotional processing [blank_start]REM[blank_end] Learning [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Creativity [blank_start]REM[blank_end] Consciousness may be totally obliterated [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Dreams-hallucinatory [blank_start]REM[blank_end] The brain is active [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Transitional and slow wave sleep; neurological rest [blank_start]NREM[blank_end] Potential future scenarios [blank_start]REM[blank_end]

[blank_start]NREM[blank_end] sleep is a restorative function, with slow-rolling eye movements, decreased muscle tone, movement, HR, RR, BP, metabolism and temperature

A sleep researcher is recording details of Elka's sleep patterns in a sleep laboratory. Elka's EEG recording shows that she is currently experiencing low-frequency, high-amplitude DELTA waves. Her EOG shows no sign of activity. The researcher can hear Elka talking, but cannot make out what she is saying. Elka is most likely experiencing:

During which stage of sleep will you experience “hypnic jerks” – often associated with the feeling of falling.

Match the NREM stages of sleep to their characteristic (some have two answers, and some answers are used twice): Stage 1 [blank_start]Drowsiness[blank_end] Stage 2 [blank_start]Light sleep[blank_end] [blank_start]Sleep spindles occur[blank_end] Stage 3 [blank_start]Delta waves[blank_end], [blank_start]slow wave,[blank_end] [blank_start]moderate-deep sleep[blank_end] Stage 4 Delta waves, slow wave, [blank_start]hardest to awaken from[blank_end]

[blank_start]Paradoxical[blank_end] sleep is defined as an active hallucinating brain in a paralyzed body. An active brain, inactive body. This occurs during [blank_start]REM[blank_end] sleep.

During REM sleep you will have:

What causes the paralysis of large muscles during REM sleep?

T or F. You will have 4-5 episodes of REM sleep per night and they increase in length

During dreaming, which occurs in REM sleep, there is [blank_start]increased[blank_end] limbic system activity and [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] activity in the PFC>

Fetal and infant sleep have a _____ proportion of REM sleep.

REM sleep is ________ during adult life.

REM sleep ______ with old age and the use of antidepressants.

Stage 4 sleep has__________waves.

REM sleep has ____________waves.

Label the EEG Waves

As we get older, the time to fall asleep:

As we get older, our total sleep time:

The areas of the brain activated in REM sleep are (see slide 38 in PPT) 1) Anterior Cingulate Cortex 2) [blank_start]Subcallosal cortex[blank_end] 3) Basal forebrain 4) Septal area 5) [blank_start]Hypothalamus[blank_end] 6) [blank_start]Amygdala[blank_end]

T or F. 5HT, ACh, NE, DA and Histamine are active during arousal and quiet during NREM.

T or F. During REM, ACh neurons resume activity and monoamines slow down even further.

The Wake Promoting Neurotransmitter include (match NT to correct area of the brain): [blank_start]ACh[blank_end] - Nuclei in the pons [blank_start]NE[blank_end] - Locus coeruleus [blank_start]5HT[blank_end] - Raphe nuclei [blank_start]DA -[blank_end] Periaqueductal gray matter [blank_start]HIstamine[blank_end] - TMN of the hypothalamus [blank_start]Orexin[blank_end] - Posterior hypothalamus

[blank_start]GABA[blank_end] is the sleep-promoting neurotransmitter-in the VLPO (i.e. the sleep center) it inhibits TMN or wake promoter.

Too tired to turn this into a fancy matching question...so here it is for memorizing pleasure.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) signals the [blank_start]pineal[blank_end] gland that synthesizes [blank_start]melatonin[blank_end]. The release increases as the environmental light decreases.

The SCN is synchronized by signals from the retina. Retina signals are activated by inputs from the [blank_start]sun[blank_end].

Melatonin is an [blank_start]indolamine[blank_end] and a circadian rhythm regulated hormone.

T or F. There is substantial evidence showing that melatonin turns off the activity of the SCN suggesting that this is the function that allows individuals to go to sleep.

Put the melatonin fluctuation levels over a 24 hour period in the correct sequential order: [blank_start]1:[blank_end] The pineal gland begins producing melatonin in the evening. [blank_start]2[blank_end]: Melatonin levels peak in the middle of the night 3: Melatonin levels decline to low daytime amounts

Which of the following statements is true of sleep deprivation?

Narcolepsy is an irresistible attack of refreshing sleep that occurs daily over at least 3 months, and one must have at least one of the following (selecting all that apply):

Narcolepsy -Major Symptoms (match the term to the correct definition): [blank_start]Cataplexy[blank_end]: Sudden loss of postural tone brought on by emotion, particularly laughter [blank_start]Excessive sleepiness[blank_end]: No relieved by adequate amounts of sleep; persistent throughout the day [blank_start]Sleep paralysis[blank_end]: Occurs at the onset of sleep or upon awakening [blank_start]Hypnagogic/hypnopompic[blank_end]: Dream imagery occurring at the onset or end of sleep.

The onset of narcolepsy is usually before _____ years of age.

Type [blank_start]I[blank_end] Narcolepsy is caused by hypocretin (orexin) deficiency and almost always accompanied by cataplexy.

The following are true in the neuroscience of narcolepsy (select all that apply):

Which medication will patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea have a poor response to?

T or F. Patients with a sleepwalking disorder (NREM) have amenisia for the episode.

T or F. Snoozing with booze in your system makes you miss a key part of the sleep cycle known as REM.