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Control of Mental Processes

Beschreibung

Bangor University
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,
Antworten
  • Are linked by excitatory connections
  • Represent competing responses
  • Are used for executive functions
  • Represent units in the primary visual cortex

Frage 2

Frage
The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,
Antworten
  • Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour
  • Consciousness in psychology of vision
  • Free-will in religion
  • Social responsibility in Social Psychology

Frage 3

Frage
In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,
Antworten
  • Attention
  • Binding
  • Task Shifting
  • Forgetting

Frage 4

Frage
According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,
Antworten
  • nothing about whether a person has free-will
  • the physical motivations do not control the will
  • that the person has no physical motivations
  • that the person has free-will

Frage 5

Frage
A person who has little planning ability is likely to,
Antworten
  • start late
  • finish late
  • get up late
  • go to bed late

Frage 6

Frage
In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)
Antworten
  • rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory
  • controlled processes are effortful
  • sensory memory precedes short-term memory
  • controlled processes follow consistent practice

Frage 7

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An automatic process is generally understood to be,
Antworten
  • conscious
  • inconsistent
  • rapid
  • reflexive

Frage 8

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According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter
Antworten
  • underlies automatic visuomotor performance
  • underlies controlled visuomotor performance
  • has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex
  • has further projections onto the limbic system

Frage 9

Frage
In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for
Antworten
  • an E among Fs
  • a blue letter among red ones
  • an O among Xs
  • A small letter among big ones

Frage 10

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Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,
Antworten
  • primary visual area
  • temporal cortex
  • primary motor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex

Frage 11

Frage
Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)
Antworten
  • a mechanism to resolve competition
  • a mechanism to exert goal-directed control
  • a property of the perceptual system
  • a property of the supervisory attentional system

Frage 12

Frage
Automatic Processes are important to,
Antworten
  • prevent errors
  • plan actions
  • improve speed
  • deal with difficulties

Frage 13

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A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with
Antworten
  • set shifting
  • inhibition
  • action initiation
  • self-evaluation

Frage 14

Frage
Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),
Antworten
  • lives in the world of ideas
  • influenced by the body
  • is not limited by the body
  • was located in the Pineal Gland

Frage 15

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A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?
Antworten
  • inhibition
  • set-shifting
  • action initiation
  • self-evaluation

Frage 16

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Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?
Antworten
  • schizophrenia
  • alzheimer
  • OCD
  • Huntington

Frage 17

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What would be a good test of Action Initiation
Antworten
  • Verbal Fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Task Switching
  • Go, No-Go

Frage 18

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Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,
Antworten
  • Orbitofrontal Cortex
  • Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Motor Cortex

Frage 19

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Dopamine is mainly involved in,
Antworten
  • mood
  • reward
  • memory
  • perception

Frage 20

Frage
Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates
Antworten
  • inability to stop an action once initiated
  • inability to stop tics or repetitive movements
  • slow reactions to stimuli
  • slow generation of thoughts

Frage 21

Frage
A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with
Antworten
  • action initiation
  • goal activation
  • inhibition
  • set-shifting

Frage 22

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For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,
Antworten
  • Increasing the amount of practice
  • reducing the size of the target letter
  • colouring only one letter in the word
  • chaining the position of the letters

Frage 23

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Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?
Antworten
  • Orbitofrontal
  • Inferiofrontal
  • Medial
  • Lateral

Frage 24

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How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation
Antworten
  • Verbal fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  • Go, No-Go

Frage 25

Frage
Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?
Antworten
  • Verbal Fluency
  • Tower of London
  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  • Go, No-Go

Frage 26

Frage
Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,
Antworten
  • echolia
  • hyperflexia
  • low self-care
  • anxiety

Frage 27

Frage
In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
Antworten
  • before the target
  • after the target
  • at the same time as the target
  • in these tasks there is no target

Frage 28

Frage
A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,
Antworten
  • inhibition
  • self-regulation
  • impulse control
  • action initiation

Frage 29

Frage
Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?
Antworten
  • Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
  • Orbitofrontal Cortex
  • Medial Prefrontal Cortex
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Frage 30

Frage
In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?
Antworten
  • Negative Feedback
  • Matching after negative feedback
  • Positive Feedback
  • Matching after positive feedback

Frage 31

Frage
In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,
Antworten
  • task set configuration
  • goal activation
  • rule maintenance
  • rule activation

Frage 32

Frage
In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?
Antworten
  • 20% Go, 80% No-Go
  • 50% Go, 50% No-Go
  • 80% Go, 20% No-Go
  • 20% Go, 20% No-Go

Frage 33

Frage
The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,
Antworten
  • after incorrect response activation
  • after target onset
  • before incorrect response activation
  • before the target onset

Frage 34

Frage
To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?
Antworten
  • inhibit responses
  • inhibit impulses
  • detect when an error has been made
  • detect when the context is inappropriate

Frage 35

Frage
Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?
Antworten
  • P300
  • Ne
  • Pe
  • P200

Frage 36

Frage
During perseverations, participants are often,
Antworten
  • not aware of the change in the rule
  • aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch
  • aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule
  • not aware of the alternative rules

Frage 37

Frage
Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?
Antworten
  • Left Posterior Parietal Cortex
  • Motor Cortex
  • Left Inferotemporal Cortex
  • Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Frage 38

Frage
Mixing Costs do not measure
Antworten
  • vigilance
  • rule activation
  • working memory
  • planning

Frage 39

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Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply
Antworten
  • They are automatic
  • They can be unconscious
  • They are driven by emotions
  • They are processed fast

Frage 40

Frage
For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,
Antworten
  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is true
  • free-will is possible and physical determinism is false
  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true
  • free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false

Frage 41

Frage
Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising
Antworten
  • long-term goals over short-term goals
  • short-term goals over long-term goals
  • relieve over regret
  • reward over punishment

Frage 42

Frage
ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes
Antworten
  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Depression
  • Antisocial Behaviour
  • Psychotic Behaviour

Frage 43

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Increased levels of addiction gradually induce
Antworten
  • an overactive ventrolateral cortex
  • an under-active orbitofrontal cortex
  • increased in dopamine
  • increases in GABA

Frage 44

Frage
Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?
Antworten
  • Thalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus

Frage 45

Frage
Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?
Antworten
  • Hyperkinesia
  • Tourette
  • Echolia
  • ADHD

Frage 46

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Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
Antworten
  • objects and no context
  • objects and context
  • context, but no objects
  • neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents

Frage 47

Frage
In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia
Antworten
  • left hemisphere
  • right hemisphere
  • subcortical nuclei
  • amygdala

Frage 48

Frage
The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes
Antworten
  • Frontopolar
  • Centroparietal
  • Frontocentral
  • Parietal

Frage 49

Frage
Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?
Antworten
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting test
  • Go No-Go task
  • Task Switching
  • Iowa Gambling Task

Frage 50

Frage
From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?
Antworten
  • Response inhibition
  • Set Shifting
  • Action initiation
  • Self-Monitoring

Frage 51

Frage
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?
Antworten
  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • lateral premotor cortex
  • ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex

Frage 52

Frage
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?
Antworten
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • right mid-dorsolateral PFC
  • Lateral premotor cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Frage 53

Frage
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?
Antworten
  • lateral premotor cortex
  • right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • left posterior prefrontal cortex
  • ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Frage 54

Frage
In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
Antworten
  • before the target
  • after the target
  • at the same time as the target
  • in these tasks there is no target

Frage 55

Frage
Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
Antworten
  • objects and no context
  • object and context
  • context, but no objects
  • neither objects not contexts, but memory contents

Frage 56

Frage
The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?
Antworten
  • Fronto-polar
  • Centro-parietal
  • Front-central
  • Parietal
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