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Quiz von Jennifer Khouw, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Jennifer Khouw
vor etwa 6 Jahre
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Frage 1
Frage
Which are structural techniques?
Antworten
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X-ray and CT
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MRI
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Contrast agents
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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PET
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fMRI
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EEG
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MEG
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ECoG
Frage 2
Frage
Which are functional techniques?
Antworten
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PET
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fMRI
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EEG
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MEG
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ECoG
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MRI
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CT
Frage 3
Frage
X-ray and CT techniques are great at showing:
Antworten
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Blood vessels
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Different brain regions
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Ventricles
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Electrical activity
Frage 4
Frage
_________ ventricles could be due to tumour; _________ ventricles could be due to schizophrenia
Antworten
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Shrunken; expanded
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Expanded; shrunken
Frage 5
Frage
Which technique measures proton densities?
Antworten
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MRI
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Contrast agents
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PET
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Electrocorticography
Frage 6
Frage
What is the most common contrast agent?
Antworten
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Gadolinium
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TM tomato
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Haemoglobin
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Phosphorescents
Frage 7
Frage
What is true of Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Antworten
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Shows fibre tracts
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Measures hydrogen densities
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Is a structural MRI technique
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Water molecules diffuse more easily through the cross-section of neurons than along the long axis
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Makes a lot of assumptions
Frage 8
Frage
Which technique involves the injection of a radioactive isotope?
Antworten
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CT
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PET
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Electrocorticography
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MEG
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Frage 9
Frage
What are examples of radioactive isotopes?
Antworten
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Oxygen
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Glucose
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Gadolinium
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Tm tomato
Frage 10
Frage
The brain takes about [blank_start]3[blank_end]% of the body's weight, but uses about [blank_start]20[blank_end]% of its nutrients
Antworten
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3
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20
Frage 11
Frage
What is true of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)?
Antworten
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Active regions release Nitrous Oxide to local arterioles
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Nitrous Oxide released retroactively
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Causes arterioles to constrict
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Very slow change
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Causes change in ratio of de:oxygenated blood
Frage 12
Frage
Which techniques are based on the close association between vasculature and metabolism?
Antworten
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fMRI
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PET
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EEG
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MEG
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Contrast agents
Frage 13
Frage
Which techniques measure electromagnetic fields generated by ionic current flow in active neurons?
Antworten
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EEG
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MEG
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fMRI
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PET
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Contrast agents
Frage 14
Frage
Which techniques are invasive?
Antworten
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MRI
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PET
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Electrocorticography
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EEG
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MEG
Frage 15
Frage
Which technique involves placing grids of electrodes directly on the surface of the brain?
Antworten
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Single-unit recording
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Electrocorticography
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Diffusion tensor imaging
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Contrast X-ray angiography
Frage 16
Frage
When is Electrocorticography used?
Antworten
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Localise epileptic foci
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Opportunistic research
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Avoid eloquent areas during surgery
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Research into language
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Patients with mild clinical problems
Frage 17
Frage
What does MEG measure?
Antworten
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Strength of magnetic field
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Strength of electrical field
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Location of magnetic field
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Location of electrical field
Frage 18
Frage
What is contained in a "dewer" and used to keep the SQUID close to absolute zero?
Antworten
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Liquid helium
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Nitrous oxide
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Dry ice
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Hydrogen
Frage 19
Frage
Why do MRI scans have to be done after MEG?
Antworten
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Because MRI scans magnetize tissues for weeks
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Due to risk of overheating the machine
Frage 20
Frage
Which technique induces electrical current flow by producing strong magnetic fields?
Antworten
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TMS
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TES
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TDS
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tDCS
Frage 21
Frage
Which technique delivers a small electrical current?
Antworten
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TMS
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tCDS
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TES
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EEG
Frage 22
Frage
Which is true of children's Fusiform gyrus response to faces, compared to adults:
Antworten
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Equally strong but later
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Weaker and later
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Stronger and earlier
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Children's fusiform gyrus does not respond to face stimuli
Frage 23
Frage
What is true of standard template brains?
Antworten
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Normalise brains
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Allows statistical analyses on brain maps
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Is a standard size and shape
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Used for structural brain images
Frage 24
Frage
Which standard template brain is based on a single well-characterised brain?
Antworten
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Talairach atlas
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MNI atlas
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Tesseract atlas
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Monoamine atlas
Frage 25
Frage
Which standard template brain is based on an average of hundreds of MRI scans?
Antworten
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MNI atlas
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Talairach atlas
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Tesseract atlas
Frage 26
Frage
When is fMRI mostly used?
Antworten
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Clinically
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Research
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Pre-surgical and radiotherapy planning
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Identify eloquent cortices
Frage 27
Frage
When is MEG usually used?
Antworten
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Rarely in hospitals
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Localising epileptic foci
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Pre-surgery mapping of eloquent cortices
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Research
Frage 28
Frage
What is true of hippocampal theta oscillations?
Antworten
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Very active in novel environments
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Ties together place cells
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Tuned to specific locations in an environment
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Different place cells fire at different phases of the theta oscillation
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Important for semantic memory
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Measured by EEG
Frage 29
Frage
Which regions make up the Default Mode Network?
Antworten
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Cingulate
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Parietal
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Frontal
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Temporal
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Occipital
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Limbic
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Diencephalonic
Frage 30
Frage
Which techniques are based on machine-learning?
Antworten
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Connectivity
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Decoding
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Connectomics
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Machine reading
Frage 31
Frage
What is true of Connectivity analysis?
Antworten
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Based on graph theory
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Emphasises brain structures over brain networks
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Multi-voxel pattern analysis
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Based on machine-learning
Frage 32
Frage
What is true of Decoding techniques?
Antworten
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Multi-voxel pattern analysis
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Analyses patterns of activity to complex stimuli
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Analyses patterns of activity to simple stimuli
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Based on graph theory
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Based on machine-learning
Frage 33
Frage
Why is the reproducibility crisis particularly acute in neuroimaging?
Antworten
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Huge amount of data
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Increased possibilty of false positives
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Too expensive to have large samples
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Large researcher degrees of freedom
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Statistical double-dipping
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Results tend to have a large impact on society
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Pre-registration of hypotheses
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Data sharing
Frage 34
Frage
How has fMRI improved?
Antworten
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Gone from 1.5 T to 7 T
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Better image stability
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Better signal:noise ratio
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Strongest magnets can reslve activity in different cortical layers
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Higher temporal resolution
Frage 35
Frage
How has MEG improved?
Antworten
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Moving from SQUID to Optically Pumped Magnetometers
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Human Neocortical Neurosolver
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Dramatically improved data acquisition capabilities
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Strongest magnets can resolve activity in different cortical layers
Frage 36
Frage
What are Optically Pumped Magnetometers?
Antworten
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Require liquid helium
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Sensors placed directly on scalp
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But reduced signal:noise ratio
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Uses computers to map underlying circuit-level activity
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Only one place in the world has them
Frage 37
Frage
Why isn't neuroimaging useful for psychiatric diagnosis?
Antworten
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Low specificity
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High sensitivity
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High standardization
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Most psychiatric imaging studies are done on groups
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Different disorders have similar neural patterns
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DSM has much higher validity
Frage 38
Frage
Who said that we are currently not able to use brain imaging for psychiatric diagnoses, and may not ever be?
Antworten
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Farah & Gillihan
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Aubertin & Bouillaud
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Flouren & Gerschwind
Frage 39
Frage
Aside from diagnosis, why might brain imaging be useful in psychiatry?
Antworten
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Can suggest new treatments
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DBS came from identifying deep brain areas that are hypoactive in depression
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Quantifying and predicting treatment response
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Classifying syndromes based on neuroimaging profile
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Real-time neurofeedback may be a treatment in itself
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